Transcript Chapter 2 Origins of American Government Section 1—Our Political Beginnings • Identify the three basic concepts of government that influenced government in the English.

Chapter 2
Origins of American Government
Section 1—Our Political Beginnings
• Identify the three basic concepts of
government that influenced government in
the English colonies.
• Explain the significance of the following
English documents: the Magna Carta, the
Petition of Right, the English Bill of Rights.
• Describe the three types of colonies that
the English established in North America.
Section 1—Our Political Beginnings
• Why it Matters:
– Our system of government has its origins in
the concepts and political ideas that English
colonists brought with them when they settled
North America. The colonies served as a
school for learning about government.
Section 1—Our Political Beginnings
• Political Dictionary:
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Limited government
Representative government
Magna Carta
Petition of Right
English Bill of Rights
Charter
Bicameral
Proprietary
Unicameral
Section 1—Our Political Beginnings
• Did not begin in 1776 or 1787—It started
with the first colonies.
• French, Dutch, Spanish, Swedes, and
others.
• English was most influential
Section 1—Our Political Beginnings
• Basic Concepts of Government
• English were influenced by:
– Romans
– Babylonians—Hammurabi’s Code, 1750 B.C.
• 282 laws
• Influenced the Hebrews
• Old Testament
Section 1—Our Political Beginnings
• Basic Concepts of Government (cont)
– Ordered Government
• Words=sheriff, coroner, assessor, justice of the
peace, the grand jury, counties, townships, etc.
– Limited Government—restraint on actions of
government.
– Representative Government—”government
of, by, and for the people.”
Section 1—Our Political Beginnings
• Landmark English Documents
– The Magna Carta
• Runnymede in 1215—to restrain King John
– Trial by jury
– Due process of law
– Protection against arbitrary taking of life, liberty, or
property.
– First intended only for the privileged classes.
– Established the principle that the power of the monarch is
NOT “absolute.”
Section 1—Our Political Beginnings
• Landmark English Documents (cont).
– The Petition of Right—1628, to limit the power
of King Charles I when he asked Parliament
for more taxes.
• Limited the power of the king
• Could not imprison or punish without judgment of
peers or law of the land.
• Could not impose martial law.
• Require housing of the king’s troops in homes.
Section 1—Our Political Beginnings
• Landmark English Documents (cont).
– The Bill of Rights—1688
• Restored monarchy with William and Mary in the
Glorious Revolution.
• Prohibited a standing army in peacetime.
• That parliamentary elections be free.
• That taxation without the approval of Parliament
was prohibited.
• Guaranteed right to a fair trial, freedom from
excessive bail, and no cruel and inhuman
punishment.
Section 1—Our Political Beginnings
• The English Colonies
– Came about over a 125 year period—Virginia
first in 1607, Georgia last in 1733.
– Created by “charters” which were later
withdrawn.
– Royal Colonies (8)
• New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New
Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
and Georgia.
• Evolved the “bicameral” or two-house legislature.
– Governor + governor’s council + lower house
Section 1—Our Political Beginnings
• The English Colonies
– Proprietary (3) A grant to a person—Lord
Baltimore in Maryland, William Penn in
Pennsylvania and Delaware.
• Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
• Pennsylvania had a “unicameral” or one-house
legislature.
– The Charter Colonies (2)—quite liberal
• Connecticut and Rhode Island
Section 2—The Coming of
Independence
• Explain how Britain’s colonial policies
contributed to the growth of self-government in
the colonies.
• Identify some of the steps that led to growing
feelings of colonial unity.
• Compare the outcomes of the First and Second
Continental Congresses.
• Analyze the ideas in the Declaration of
Independence.
• Describe the drafting of the first State
constitutions and summarize the constitutions’
common features.
Section 2—The Coming of
Independence
• Why It Matters:
– Changes in British colonial policies led to
resentment in the colonies and eventually to
the American Revolution. Ideas expressed in
the early State constitutions influenced the
development of the governmental system
under which we live today.
Section 2—The Coming of
Independence
• Political Dictionary:
– Confederation
– Albany Plan of Union
– Delegate
– Boycott
– Repeal
– Popular Sovereignty
Section 2—The Coming of
Independence
• “We must all hang together, or assuredly
we shall all hang separately.”—Benjamin
Franklin, July 4, 1776.
• Britain’s Colonial Policies
– Controlled separately by Privy Council and
the Board of Trade under the King—
• Parliament not much involved.
– London was 3,000 miles away
– Almost “federal”—allowed a lot of self-rule
•
Section 2—The Coming of
Independence
Britain’s Colonial Policies (cont.)
– King George III in 1760
• More restrictive
• Additional taxes
– Taxation without representation
– To support troops stationed in North America after French
and Indian War of 1754-1763
• King’s ministers were poorly informed and
stubborn.
• Choice was to submit or revolt.
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Section 2—The Coming of
Independence
Growing Colonial Unity
– Early Attempts
• New England Confederation in 1643
• 1696—William Penn’s plan
– The Albany Plan
• Offered by Benjamin Franklin
– The Stamp Act Congress
• 1765—stamps on all legal documents
• Later repealed
Section 2—The Coming of
Independence
• Growing Colonial Unity (cont.)
– The Stamp Act Congress (cont.)
• New laws stimulated a “boycott.”
– March 5, 1770, Boston Massacre
• Committees of Correspondence led by Samuel
Adams organized resistance (1772).
• December 16, 1773—Boston Tea Party
•
Section 2—The Coming of
Independence
The First Continental Congress
– Parliament passed more laws to “punish” the
colonies in 1774
• Intolerable Acts
– Met on September 5, 1774 in Philadelphia
• For 2 months
• Issued a Declaration of Rights-a protest
• Adjourned on October 26 calling for a second
meeting.
Section 2—The Coming of
Independence
• The Second Continental Congress
– May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia
• Battles of Lexington and Concord—”the Shot
Heard Round the World”—April 19
– Representatives from all 13 colonies—John
Hancock as president.
– Our First National Government
• From July 1776-March 1, 1781
Section 2—The Coming of
Independence
• The Declaration of Independence
– July 4, 1776, adopted.
• “We hold these truths . . .”
• “. . .our lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.”
Section 2—The Coming of
Independence
• The First State Constitutions
– Popular Sovereignty
– Limited Government
– Civil Rights and Liberties
– Separation of Powers
– Checks and Balances
– Governors Had Little Power
Section 3—The Critical Period
• Objectives:
– Describe the structure of the government set
up under the Articles of Confederation.
– Explain why the weaknesses of the Articles
led to a critical period for the government in
the 1780s.
– Describe how a growing need for a stronger
national government led to plans for a
Constitutional Convention.
Section 3—The Critical Period
• Why It Matters:
– The Articles of Confederation established a
fairly weak central government, which led to
conflicts among the States. The turmoil of the
Critical Period of the 1780s led to the creation
of a stronger National Government.
Section 3—The Critical Period
• Political Dictionary:
– Articles of Confederation
– Ratification
– Presiding Officer
Section 3—The Critical Period
• Articles of Confederation—Nov. 15, 1777
– “A Firm League of Friendship.”
– Ratification—13 colonies must approve.
• 11 did so within a year
• Delaware in 1779
• Maryland—March 1, 1781
Section 3—The Critical Period
• The Articles of Confederation (cont.)
– Governmental Structure
• One body of Congress—members chosen
annually
– Each state had one vote.
– No Executive or Judicial branch.
» Handled by committees of Congress.
» A presiding officer was chosen.
Section 3—The Critical Period
• Articles of Confederation (cont.)
– Powers of Congress
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Make war and peace
Send and receive ambassadors
Make treaties
Borrow money and set up a money system.
Establish post offices
Build a navy
Raise an army by asking the states to send troops
Fix uniform standards of weights and measures
Settle disputes among the states.
Section 3—The Critical Period
• Articles of Confederation (cont.)
– State Obligations
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To obey acts of Congress
Provide funds and troops requested.
Regard citizens and acts of other states as binding
Provide for open travel among the states.
Section 3—The Critical Period
• Articles of Confederation (cont.)
– Weaknesses
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No power to tax—could only borrow
No power to regulate trade among the states.
No power to enforce laws.
Needed the consent of 9 of 13 states for laws to
pass.
• Could not amend without 9 states
– (No amendment was ever passed)
Section 3—The Critical Period
• The Critical Period, the 1780s
– War ended October 19, 1781.
– Treaty of Paris in 1783
– Jealousy and bickering among the states
increased.
– Taxed goods from other states.
– Debts went unpaid.
– Shay’s Rebellion in the fall of 1786.
Section 3—The Critical Period
• A Need for Stronger Government
– Mount Vernon
• Invited by George Washington
• To settle trade problems between Maryland and
Virginia.
• Stimulated a call for a meeting of all states to
regulate commerce.
– Annapolis—September 11, 1786
• Only 5 states attended but a call went out for
another meeting the next year in Philadelphia.
Section 3—The Critical Period
• A Need for Stronger Government (cont.)
– Annapolis (cont.)
• “for the sole and express purpose of revising the
Articles of Confederation and reporting to
Congress and the several legislatures such
alterations and provisions therein as shall when
agreed to in Congress and confirmed by the States
render the [Articles] adequate to the exigencies of
Government and the preservation of the Union.”
» The United States in Congress Assembled,
February 21, 1787
Section 4—Creating the
Constitution
• Objectives:
– Identify the Framers of the Constitution and discuss
how the delegates organized the proceedings at the
Philadelphia Convention.
– Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and the New
Jersey Plan for a new constitution.
– Summarize the major compromises that the
delegates agreed to make and the effects of those
compromises.
– Identify some of the sources from which the Framers
of the Constitution drew inspiration.
– Describe the delegates’ reactions to the Constitution
as they completed their work.
Section 4—Creating the
Constitution
• Why It Matters:
– The Framers of the Constitution created a
document that addressed the major concerns
of the States attending the Philadelphia
Convention. By reaching compromise on
items about which they disagreed, the
Framers created a new National Government
capable of handling the nation’s problems.
Section 4—Creating the
Constitution
• Political Dictionary:
– Framers
– Virginia Plan
– New Jersey Plan
– Connecticut Compromise
– Three-Fifths Compromise
– Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
Chapter 2.4
• PHILOSOPHICAL SOURCES OF THE
CONSTITUTION
• 1-MONTESQUIEU’S THE SPIRIT OF THE
LAWS: Separation of Powers
• 2-ROUSSEAU’S SOCIAL CONTRACT: Limited
Government, Popular Sovereignty.
• 3-JOHN LOCKE’S TWO TREATIES OF
GOVERNMENT: People’s Rights.
• 4-ADAM SMITH: FOUNDATIONS OF
CAPITALISM.
Section 4—Creating the
Constitution
Started May 25, 1787
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• The Framers
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12 States represented (none from Rhode Island)
74 designated—55 attended
Outstanding backgrounds
Young—average age of 42
Many big names were missing—Jefferson, John
Adams, Thomas Paine, Patrick Henry “Smelt a rat”,
John Hancock
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Section 4—Creating the
Constitution
Organization and Procedure
– Independence Hall
– George Washington as president
– One vote per State—majority rules
– Working in Secrecy
• James Madison’s Notes—
– Father of the Constitution
– A Momentous Decision
• Throw out the “Articles,” write a new constitution
Section 4—Creating the
Constitution
• The Virginia Plan—created by Madison
– Three branches of government
– Bicameral legislature
– Power to overrule States
– Congress to choose executive and judiciary
– State officers must take an oath of support
– Smaller States found it too “radical”
Section 4—Creating the
Constitution
• The New Jersey Plan
– Unicameral legislature
– States equally represented.
– Added powers to tax and regulate trade
– A Federal executive of more than one person
– A single supreme judiciary appointed by the
executive.
– Fundamental disagreement on representation
in Congress.
Section 4—Creating the
Constitution
• Compromises
– Connecticut Compromise (the Great
Compromise)
• Two houses of Congress---one based on equality
of States---one based on population.
– The Three-Fifths Compromise
• “Three-fifths of all other persons”
– The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
• Could not tax exports from any State
• Could not act on the slave trade for 20 years
(1808).
Section 4—Creating the
Constitution
• Compromises (cont.)
– A “Bundle of Compromises”
– Fundamental Values were not disputed:
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Popular Sovereignty
Limited Government
Representative Government
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
Section 4—Creating the
Constitution
• Sources of the Constitution
– Greece, Rome, Great Britain, others in
Europe
– William Blackstone, Baron de Montesquieu,
Jean Jacques Rousseau, John Locke and
many others.
• The Convention Completes Its Work
– September 17, 1787
– 39 signed—3 refused
Section 4
• BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE CONSTITUTION
• 1-POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
• 2-LIMITED GOVERNMENT (CONSTITUTIONALISM &
RULE OF THE LAW)
• 3-SEPARATION OF POWERS (EXECUTIVE,
LEGISLATIVE, JUDICIAL)
• 4-CHECKS AND BALANCES
• 5-FEDERALISM (FEDERAL AND STATE
GOVERNMENT)
• 6-JUDICIAL REVIEW (Marbury vs. Madison 1803)
Section 5--Ratifying the
Constitution
• Objectives:
– Identify the opposing sides in the fight for
ratification and describe the major arguments
for and against the Constitution.
– Describe the inauguration of the new
government of the United States of America.
Section 5--Ratifying the
Constitution
• Why It Matters:
– The Constitution could not take effect until it
had been ratified by nine States. The battle
between those who supported and those who
opposed the Constitution was hard fought in
all the States.
Section 5--Ratifying the
Constitution
• Political Dictionary:
– Federalists
– Anti-Federalists
– Quorum
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Section 5--Ratifying the
Constitution
The Fight for Ratification
– Unanimous approval NOT needed
– Federalists and Anti-Federalists emerged
• Federalists—who favored ratification
– Led by Madison and Hamilton
• Anti-Federalists—who opposed ratification
– Led by Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock
and Samuel Adams
– Concerns about increased central power and no Bill of
Rights
Section 5--Ratifying the
Constitution
• The Fight for Ratification (cont.)
– Nine States Ratify
• Delaware first, New Hampshire was 9th but without
Virginia or New York.
– Virginia’s Ratification
• Washington’s support was crucial
• Very divided 89-79
– New York, The Last Key State 30-27
• 85 essays called:The Federalist by Hamilton,
James Madison and John Jay
Section 5--Ratifying the
Constitution
• Inaugurating the Government
– Quorum assembled on April 6, 1789, in
Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York (the
temporary capital)
– April 30, 1789, George Washington was
sworn in as president.
– North Carolina first failed to ratify.
– Rhode Island was last more than a year later.