Transcript Document
UNIT 3 • SHOW ME THE MONEY: FINDING, SECURING, AND MANAGING IT
USING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS TO GUIDE A BUSINESS
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ENTREPRENEURSHIP: Starting and Operating a Small Business, 3/e Steve Mariotti and Caroline Glackin Class Name Instructor Name Date, Semester
Performance Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Performance Objectives
1. Understand an income statement.
2. Examine a balance sheet to determine a business’s financing strategy.
3. Use the balance sheet equation for analysis.
4. Perform a financial ratio analysis of an income statement.
5. Calculate return on investment.
6. Perform same-size (common-sized) analysis of an income statement.
7. Use quick, current, and debt ratios to analyze a balance sheet.
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Scorecard for the Entrepreneur: What Do Financial Statements Show?
Income Statement Balance Sheet Cash Flow Statement
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Income Statements: Showing Profit and Loss over Time
Part of an Income Statement: 1.
2.
3.
4.
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Revenue Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) Gross Profit Other Variable Costs Contribution Margin (Gross Profit) 6.
7.
Fixed Operating Costs (USAIIRD) Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) 8.
9.
Pre-Tax Profit Taxes 10. Net Profit/(Loss)
8 A Basic Income Statement:
The power of the income statement is that it will tell you whether you are fulfilling the formula of buying low, selling high, and meeting customer needs.
The Double Bottom Line:
Ideally, you want to have a positive
double
bottom line; you are making a profit so you can stay in business and achieve your mission Exhibit 8-1 Basic Income Statement A Basic Company Inc. Income Statement for the Month Ended:
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A Simple Income Statement
Exhibit 8-2 Flea Market Seller Income Statement
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Income Statement for a More Complex Business
Exhibit 8-3 Income Statement for Lola’s Custom
Draperies, Inc., for the Month of March 2011
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Return on Investment (ROI)
Entrepreneurs “invest” time, energy or money into something because they expect a “return” of money or satisfaction.
Return on investment (ROI) measures return as a percentage of the original investment.
Net Profit/Investment X 100 = ROI%
What is made over what is paid, times 100.
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The Balance Sheet: A Snapshot of Assets, Liabilities, and Equity at a Point in Time
Net Worth (owner’s equity) – the difference between assets and liabilities.
1.
Assets: items a company own that have monetary value.
2.
3.
Liabilities: debts a company has that must be paid, including unpaid bills.
Owner’s Equity (OE): also called net worth. It shows the amount of capital in the business. It consists of common equity, preferred equity, paid-in-capital Fiscal Year – the 12 month financial reporting period for a company
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Short-and Long-Term Assets
Current Assets – cash or items that can be quickly converted to cash or will be used within one year.
Long-term Assets – those that will take more than one year to use.
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Current and Long-Term Liabilities
Liabilities – are all debts owed by the business, such as bank loans, mortgages, lines of credit, and loans to family or friends.
Current Liabilities- debts that are scheduled for payment within that year.
Long-Term Liabilities – debts that are due in over one year.
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The Balance Sheet Equation
Balance Sheet Equation – is the equation for calculating owner’s equity.
Assets – liabilities = Net Worth (or Owner’s Equity or Capital or Assets = liabilities + Owner’s Equity or Liabilities = Assets Owner’s Equity
If assets are greater that liabilities, net worth is positive.
If liabilities are greater than assets, net worth is negative
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The Balance Sheet Shows Assets and Liabilities Obtained through Financing
If an item was financed with debt, the loan is a liability.
If an item was purchased with the owner’s own money (including that of shareholders), it was financed with equity.
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Balance Sheet
Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Owner’s Equity (OE)
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The Balance Sheet Shows How a Business Is Financed
An entrepreneur that relies too much on equity financing from outside investors (who have thus become owners) can lose control of the company.
An entrepreneur who takes on too much debt and is unable to make loan payments can lose the business, and possibly personal assets as well, to banks or other creditors.
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Analyzing a Balance Sheet
Comparing balance sheets from two points in time is an excellent way to see whether or not a business has been financially successful.
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Assets
Cash Inventory Capital equipment
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Other assets Total assets
Liabilities
Short-term liabilities Long-term liabilities Owner’s equity
Depreciation –
a certain portion of an asset that is subtracted each year until the asset’s value reaches zero.
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Exhibit 8-8 Balance Sheet Variance Analysis
Restaurant Balance Sheet
As of Dec. 31, 2011 As of Dec. 31, 2010
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Financial Ration Analysis: What Is It and What Does It Mean to You?
Income Statement Ratios: divide sales into each line item and multiply by a hundred.
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Return on Investment Investment
– something that a person or entity devotes resources to in hopes of future profits or satisfaction.
Return on Investments (ROI)
- the net profit of a business divided by its start-up investment (percentage)
Wealth
– the value of assets owned minus the value of liabilities owed.
1.
2.
3.
Net profit.
Total investment in the business.
The period of time for which you are calculating ROI.
Net Profit ROI = Investment x 100 = ROI
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Return on Sales
Return on sales (ROS) – net income divided by sales for a particular time period (percentage).
Profit margin (return on sales) – net income divided by sales (percentage).
Net Income Return on Sales (ROS) = Sales
Common-Sized Statement Analysis
- Operating ratio: an expression of a value versus sales
Balance-Sheet Analysis
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Current & Quick Rations
Liquidity – the ability to convert assets into cash.
Current Ratio-liquidity ration consisting of the total sum of cash plus marketable securities divided by current liabilities.
Marketable Securities- investments that can be converted into cash within 24 hours.
Quick Ration-the calculation of cash in relation to covering current debt.
Cash + Marketable Securities Quick Ratio = Current Liabilities Current Liabilities – ( Inventory + Prepayments) Quick Ratio = Current Liabilities
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Debt Ratios: Showing the Relationship Between Debt & Equity
Debt-to-Equity Ratio – the comparison of total debt to total equity.
Debt Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Equity
Debt Ratio – the comparison of total debt to total assets.
Total Debt Debt Ratio = Total Assets
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Operating-Efficiency Ratios
1. Collection-period ratio
Average Accounts Receivable (Balance Sheet) Average Daily Sales (Income Statement)
2. Receivable turnover ratio
= # of days Total Sales (Income Statement) Average Accounts Receivable (Balance Sheet)
3. Inventory turnover ratio
= # of times Cost of Goods Sold (Income Statement) Average Inventory (Balance Sheet) = # of times
KEY TERMS
current assets current liabilities current ratio debt ratio debt-to-equity ratio fiscal year investment liquidity