Transcript Unit 11 Imperatives Another verbal mood in Greek is the Imperative mood.  Imperative mood expresses commands.  Tense of the imperative mood expresses aspect.

Unit 11
Imperatives
Another verbal mood in Greek is the
Imperative mood.
 Imperative mood expresses commands.
 Tense of the imperative mood expresses
aspect only, like subjunctives, optatives,
and infinitives.
 The imperative only occurs only in the
second and third persons.

Present Imperative - Active

-ε
 -ετω

-ετε
 -οντων


βάλλε
 βαλλέτω
βάλλετε
 βαλλόντων
Present Imperative – Mid/Passive

-ου < -εσο
 -εσθω

-εσθε
 -εσθων


βάλλου
 βαλλέσθω
βάλλεσθε
 βαλλέσθων
Contract Verbs
Present Imperative
The three types of contract verbs (α, ε, ο)
form their imperatives by using the same
endings and following the normal rules of
contraction.
 This is true both for the active and
middle/passive forms.
 τιμῶ (τιμάου)
 τιμώντων (τιμαόντων)
 τιμάσθων (τιμαέσθων)

st
1
Aorist Imperative - Active

-ον
 -ατω

-ατε
 -αντων


γράψον
 γραψάτω
γράψατε
 γραψάντων
st
1
Aorist Imperative - Middle

-αι
 -ασθω

-ασθε
 -ασθων


γράψαι
 γραψάσθω
γράψασθε
 γραψάσθων
nd
2
Aorist Imperative - Active

-ε
 -ετω

-ετε
 -οντων


βάλε
 βαλέτω
βάλετε
 βαλόντων
nd
2
Aorist Imperative - Middle

-οῦ
 -εσθω

-εσθε
 -εσθων


βαλοῦ
 βαλέσθω
βάλεσθε
 βαλέσθων
Aorist Imperative - Passive

ητι (ηθι)
 ητω

ητε
 εντων


γράφητι
 γραφήτω
γράφητε
 γραφέντων
Commnads Summary
PERSON
1 Subjunctive (Hortatory)
2 Imperative
3 Imperative
Many commands in both the hortatory
subjunctive and the imperative are preceeded
by idiomatic statements like: ἄγε, ἄγετε, φέρε,
ἴθι, εἰ δ’ἄγε. All mean “come on”.

Prohibitions Summary
PERSON
1 μή
2 μή
PROGRESSIVE/REPEATED
+ Present Subj.
(Hortatory)
+ Present Imperative
3 μή
+ Present Imperative
SIMPLE
μή + Aor. Subj.
(Hortatory)
μή + Aor. Subj.
(Prohibitive)
μή + Aor. Subj.
(Prohibitive)
αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό
This word is used in Greek both as an
adjective and a pronoun.
 It functions as an adjective in the
attributive position.
 It functions as a adjective in the predicate
position.
 It is a personal pronoun for the third
person when used independently.

αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό
αὐτός
αὐτοῦ
αὐτῷ
αὐτόν
αὐτή
αὐτῆς
αὐτῇ
αὐτήν
αὐτό
αὐτοῦ
αὐτῷ
αὐτό
αὐτοί
αὐτῶν
αὐτοῖς
αὐτούς
αὐταί
αὐτῶν
αὐταῖς
αὐτάς
αὐτά
αὐτῶν
αὐτοῖς
αὐτά
αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό - Attributive
In the attributive position, it functions as
an adjective.
 The English translation will be “the same”.
 ὁ αὐτὸς ποιητής
 the same poet
 τὸ αὐτὸ πρᾶγμα
 the same thing/issue/event/problem

αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό - Intensive
In the predicate position, it functions as
an intensive adjective.
 The English translation will be “-self” or
“personally”.
 It may modify an unexpressed subject of a
verb.

αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό - Intensive
ὁ ποιητής αὐτὸς
 the poet himself/personally
 τὸ πρᾶγμα αὐτὸ
 the thing/issue/event/problem itself

αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό - Pronoun
When it does not modify another word it is
serving as the third person pronoun.
 In classical Attic, it will not appear in the
nominative in this use.
 him, her, it, his, hers, its, etc.
 αὐτοῖς αἶγας ἐθύσαμεν
 We sacrificed goats to them.

Temporal Clauses
Temporal clauses are dependent clauses
which express a relationship in time
between the action within the clause and
the action of the main sentence.
 As usual, the action of a main clause can
be past, present, or future.
 The action of a dependent clause will then
be prior, simultaneous, or subsequent.

Temporal Clauses
Like conditional statements, temporal
clauses are the dependent protasis, and
the main clause is the independent
apodosis.
 Temporal clause = protasis
 Main clause = apodosis

Temporal Clauses

Past Definite (past tense indicative)
– Prior: ἐπεί, ἐπειδή + past tense indicative
– Simultaneous: ὅτε + aorist or imperfect ind.

Present General (present indicative)
– Prior: ἐπειδάν + aorist subj.
– Simultaneous: ὅταν + present or aorist subj.
Temporal Clauses

Past General (imperfect indicative)
– Prior: ἐπεί, ἐπειδή + aorist optative
– Simultaneous: ὅτε + present or aorist optative

Future More Vivid (future indicative)
– Prior: ἐπειδάν + aorist subj.
– Simultaneous: ὅταν + present or aorist subj.