WIND ENERGY AND GEOGRAPHY: THE OKLAHOMA STORY Steve Stadler Oklahoma State University Scott Greene University of Oklahoma October 9, 2008 October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop.
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WIND ENERGY AND GEOGRAPHY: THE OKLAHOMA STORY Steve Stadler Oklahoma State University Scott Greene University of Oklahoma October 9, 2008 October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop SO MUCH GEOGRAPHY AND SO LITTLE TIME! October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop OWPI FORMED 1999 • OWPI: Oklahoma Wind Power Initiative • Researchers from Oklahoma and Oklahoma State • Funding through OK Dept. Commerce • Wind Powering America’s 2007 “Wind Working Group of the Year” October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop LOTS O’ WATTS • • • • • 1 WATT = 1 JOULE PER SECOND 1 KILOWATT = 1,000 WATTS 1 MEGAWATT = 1,000,000 WATTS 1 GIGAWATT = 1,000,000,000 WATTS 1 TERRAWATT = 1,000,000,000,000 WATTS HUMANS GENERATE 200 W CLIMBING STAIRS U.S. HOME USE AVERAGES 1,200 W WORLD ENERGY USE IS 15 TW PER DAY October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop GLOBAL WIND PICTURE • 100,000+ MW CAPACITY INSTALLED • INVESTMENT $2,000,000 PER MW October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop HAS BUT, NOT THEEVERY U.S. COUNTRY HAS SIGNIFICANT A GOOD WIND RESOURCE WIND October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop 17,000 mW October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop OKLAHOMA WIND POWER INSTALLED CAPACITY 800 689 MW 700 MEGAWATTS • 4% OF600 OKLAHOMA’S GENERATION 500 • 40,000+ HOMES POWER CAPACITY 400 300 200 100 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 SOURCE: OWPI October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop WHY WIND NOW? • • • • • • October 9, 2008 Increased Energy Demand Improved technology Deregulation = markets Green energy mandates Carbon credits Economics favorable NCGE Workshop COST OF ELECTRICITY ¢ PER kWh Coal: 1.5 to 3.5 Gas: 3.6 to 5.4 Wind: 2.1 to 4.0 Nuclear: 11.1 to 14.5 October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop WIND WITHOUT TAX CREDIT $0.40 38 cents/kWh $0.30 $0.20 2.5-3.5 cents/kWh $0.10 $0.00 1980 1984 1988 1991 1995 SOURCE: AWEA October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop 2000 2005 RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS MN: 25% by 2025 (Xcel: 30% by 2020) *WA: 15% by 2020 ME: 30% by 2000 VT: RE meets load growth by 2012 ND: 10% by 2015 WI: requirement varies by utility; 10% by 2015 goal MT: 15% by 2015 OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities) ☼ *NV: 20% by 2015 MA: 4% by 2009 + 1% annual increase CT: 23% by 2020 IA: 105 MW ☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) *10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis) ☼ NY: 24% by 2013 IL: 25% by 2025 MO: 11% by 2020 ☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs) ☼ AZ: 15% by 2025 10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis) ☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021 ☼ PA: 18%¹ by 2020 ☼ MD: 9.5% in 2022 ☼ *DE: 20% by 2019 ☼ DC: 11% by 2022 ☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) *VA: 12% by 2022 10% by 2020 (co-ops) TX: 5,880 MW by 2015 HI: 20% by 2020 October 9, 2008 ☼ NH: 23.8% in 2025 RI: 16% by 2020 5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities) CA: 20% by 2010 10% by 2017 - new RE NCGE Workshop PENETRATION • STUDIES INDICATE THAT 20% WIND POWER SHOULD NOT COMPROMISE GRID ELECTRICITY October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop U.S. D.O.E. 20% BY 2030 October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop WIND ENERGY 101 • Calculate Wind Power Density – WPD is the energy in wind, dependent only on wind speed and air density October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop WIND POWER DENSITY • • • • • • • • • • Energy = (1/2) * Mass * (Velocity)2 Mass = Density * Volume Volume = Area * Length Length = Velocity * DTime E = (1/2) * r * A * v * Dt * v2 E / Dt = (1/2) * r * A * v3 Power = E / Dt P = (1/2) * r * A * v3 Wind Power Density = P / A Wind Power Density = (1/2) * r * v3 • WPD ~ WIND VELOCITY CUBED!!! October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop A SENSITIVE GEOGRAPHY $0.050 $0.045 $0.040 $0.035 $0.030 $0.025 $0.020 $0.015 $0.010 $0.005 $0.000 16 MPH 18 MPH 20 MPH October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop PERSONS PER SQ. MI. NATIONAL ATLAS OF THE UNITED STATES October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop YELLOW 1-4 LT GR 5-9 TEAL 10-24 DK TEAL 25-49 BL-GR 50-99 BLUE 100-249 BLACK >249 October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop COMMERCIAL GRADE WIND WIND DENSITY CATEGORIES 3, 4, AND 5 AT 50 METERS OWPI NEURAL NET MODEL OKLAHOMA WIND POWER INITIATIVE October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop POPULATION LOSS COUNTIES 1990 - 2000 October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop COMMERCIAL GRADE WIND AND POPULATION-LOSS COUNTIES OKLAHOMA WIND POWER INITIATIVE October ALLEN 9, 2008 FINCHUM NCGE Workshop “IT AINT YOUR FATHER’S TURBINE” October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop 10-20 RPM 7 MPH START-UP October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop AN IDEA OF SCALE October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop AN IDEA OF SCALE October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop AN IDEA OF SCALE October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop AN IDEA OF SCALE 747 AND VESTAS V-80 2MW October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop 230 FT DIAMETER ROTOR Hub Weight: 35,000 lbs Blade Length: 113 feet Blade Weight: 17,500 lbs Total Rotor Weight: 87,500 lbs October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop COURTESY: OMPA 60 TON NACELLE October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop COURTESY: OMPA INSTALLING TOP TOWER SECTION The top tower section weighs 24.5 Tons October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop COURTESY: OMPA October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop COURTESY: OMPA GEOGRAPHIC PUSHBACK NOT IN MY BACKYARD (OR YOURS) October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop TRANSMISSION LINES SCHEMATIC ONLY! OG+E WANTS 770 MW WIND AND WILL SPEARHEAD A $500M 765V TRANSMISSION LINE October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop VIEWSHED October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop NOISE • 45 DECIBELS AT 350 METERS October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop PROPERTY VALUES • THERE HAS NEVER BEEN A STUDY SHOWING PROPERTY VALUES HAVE BEEN NEGATIVELY AFFECTED October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop BIRDS • KILLS: “In the context of other sources of avian [mortality], it does not appear that wind power is responsible for a significant number of bird deaths.” -GAO, 2005 October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop BIRDS • LOSS OF HABITAT October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop BATS October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop RADAR REFLECTIVITY October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop ICE SHEDDING • NO KNOWN INJURIES • BIG CHUNKS FALL AND ARE NOT THROWN October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop TOWER FALLS • WEATHERFORD, OK MAY 2005 • ISOLATED INCIDENT October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop EACH WIND TURBINE FARM • • • • • 100+ CONSTRUCTION WORKERS ~8 EMPLOYEES PERMANENT PAYROLL OF ~$450,000 LANDOWNER PAYMENTS OF ~$300,000 PER YEAR MANUFACTURING October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop SIZES AND APPLICATIONS Small (10 kW) • Homes • Farms • Remote Application Intermediate (10-250 kW) • Village Power • Hybrid Systems • Distributed Power Large (660 kW - 2+MW) • Central Station Wind Farms • Distributed Power • Community Wind October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop COURTESY USDOE WHY LITTLE SMALLER WIND? • ECONOMICS NOT AS ATTRACTIVE • KNOWLEDGEABLE LOCAL PEOPLE NEEDED TO SPEARHEAD PROJECT • MANY STATES HAVE NOT EMPHASIZED THIS SCALE October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop MEANING FOR RURAL SUSTAINABILITY • WIND FARMS REQUIRE BIG MONEY • TURBINE TECHNOLOGY NOW VERY RELIABLE – GOOD RISK IF WIND REGIME IS KNOWN • THERE IS A FUTURE IN COMMUNITYOWNED WIND WITH MODERATE-SIZE TURBINES (COOPERATIVE MODEL) October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop MEANING FOR GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop GEOGRAPHIC THEMES 1) LOCATION October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTE LOCATION October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop RELATIVE LOCATION October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop GEOGRAPHIC THEMES 2) PLACE (PHYSICAL CHARACTER) October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop GEOGRAPHIC THEMES 2) PLACE (HUMAN CHARACTER) October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop GEOGRAPHIC THEMES 3) HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS ADAPT, MODIFY, DEPEND October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop GEOGRAPHIC THEMES 4) MOVEMENT TRANSMISSION LINE PATTERN October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop GEOGRAPHIC THEMES 5) REGION SOUTHWEST POWER POOL OPERATING AREA FUNCTIONAL REGION October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop CARPE VENTUM October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop http://www.ocgi.okstate.edu/owpi/ October 9, 2008 NCGE Workshop