Transcript Mobile IP:Details Mobile IP Terminology CN, Correspondent Node CN HA Destination IP host in session with a Mobile Node Internet COA FA, Foreign Agent FA HA, Home Agent Maintains an association.

Mobile IP:Details
1
Mobile IP Terminology
CN, Correspondent Node
CN
HA
Destination IP host in session with
a Mobile Node
Internet
COA
FA, Foreign Agent
FA
HA, Home Agent
Maintains an association between the
MN’s “home” IP address and its care of
address (loaned address) on the
foreign network
MN
Provides an addressable point of
attachment to the MN called Care Of
Address (COA)
Maintains an awareness for all
visiting MNs
Acts as a ‘relay’ between the MN and
its Home Agent
Redirects and tunnels packets to the
care of address on the foreign network
MN
Receives all packets for the MN from
the MN’s Home Agent
MN, Mobile Node
An IP host that maintains network
connectivity using its “home” IP address,
regardless of which subnet (or network) it
is connected to
Overview of Mobile IP
Functionality
CN
5.
4.
FA
1. and 2.
MN
•
•
•
•
•
HA
3.
1. MN discovers Agent
2. MN obtains COA (Care Of Address)
3. MN registers with HA
4. HA tunnels packets from CN to FA
5. FA forwards packets from MN to CN
Three keys of Mobile IP
• How does the Mobile Node find out where it is?
–Agent Discovery — ICMP Router Discovery
• How does the Mobile Node Inform its current
location?
–Registration—Authentication, location update and service
negotiation
• How are packets delivered?
–Tunneling— IP in IP or GRE
Agent Discovery
Agent discovery
• determines whether connected to home link
or foreign link
• detects whether it has moved from one link
to another
• obtains a care-of address
Agent discovery message
formats
• agent solicitations:
– Time to live set to 1
– Type = 10 in ICMP router solicitation
• agent advertisements:
–
–
–
–
IP header fields:
ICMP router advertisement fields
Mobility agent advertisement extension fields
Prefix-length extension fields
messages for agent discovery
• agent solicitations:
– force any agents on the link to immediately
transmit advertisements
– #Fig. 5-1
Messages for agent discovery
• Agent advertisements:
– periodically broadcast or multicast to each link
on which the agent is configured to perform as
agents (broadcast on a link: IP level and linklayer level)
– mobile nodes connected to this link listens to
these advertisements
Mobile IP Agent Discovery
MN
IRDP: Agent Advertisement:
Lifetime, Services
Registration
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
IRDP (ICMP Router Discovery Protocol)
MN
IRDP: Agent Solicitation:
Lifetime, Services
•
•
•
•
MN
FA
ICMP/IRDP messages
Agents send advertisements messages
Mobile nodes send solicitation messages
Used to detect movement and register
HA
IP header fields
• used by a mobile node to determine if it is
“at home” or “away”
• (if the netid of the IP source addr. = the
netid of mobile node’s home address)
– connected to home link
• (other)
– connected to foreign link
– invoke “move detection”
ICMP router advertisement
fields
• type = 9 in ICMP message: advertisement
• Code=16: 0 for (normal) routers, use 16 for home
agents and foreign agents
• Lifetime: if the mobile node fails to hear another
advertisement within the lifetime, it think it has
moved to other link
• Num Addrs: number of address pairs
• Addr Entry Size: 8 bytes
* If IP total length is longer than expected, then the
additional portion is interpreted as extensions
Mobility Agent Advertisement
Extension Fields
• Type: 16
• Sequence Number:
– reset to 0 on rebooting, incremented on each advertisement
– mobile node can detect the reboot of agents from this number
• Registration Lifetime and R,M,G and V: related to registration and
routing
• F, H: Foreign agent, Home agent (11 for both)
• B: too busy to accept another registration of mobile nodes
• Care-of address: a mobile node may choose any
• Prefix-length Extension Fields: used for “move detection”
Mobile IP Agent Advertisement
•
•
•
•
•
•
ICMP RDP
Services (RBHFMGV)
COA (Care Of Address)
Registration lifetime
Prefix-length ext.
Periodic or solicited
Registration
What is registration?
• requests routing services from a foreign agent on a
foreign link
• informs its home agent of its current care-of
address
• renews a registration about to expire
• deregisters when returning to its home link
• allows a mobile node to have multiple care-of
address and home agent to tunnel copies to them
• deregister specific care-of address
• dynamically ascertain the address of a potential
home agent
Mobile IP Registration
MN
IRDP: Agent Advertisement:
Lifetime, Services
MN
HA
FA
IRDP: Agent Solicitation:
Lifetime, Services
Registration
MN
• Register with the home agent
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
IRDP (ICMP Router Discovery Protocol)
–Authentication
–Setup binding and visiting tables/tunnels
• Agree on services
–Tunnel type, Lifetime, etc.
Mobile IP Registration
Router
1.
MN (COA)
HA
2.
FA (COA)
1 1. MN’s Co-located COA
–MN sends registration directly to HA
–Tunnel From HA to MN
2 2. FA’s COA
–One address used
–FA relays registration from MN to HA
messages for registration
• within UDP
• #Fig. 5-3 in Solomon
Registration scenarios
Registration protocol
• If a mobile node does not receive a
Registration Reply within a reasonable
time, retransmits Request (with increasing
time interval), up to some maximum
Registration protocol
•
•
•
•
Mobile node sends registration request
Foreign agent(if any) relays it
Home agent sends registration reply
if no reply received, the mobile node
resends request with increasing time
interval
• requests and replies in UDP datagram
binding
• A table entry in home agents that maps a
mobile node’s home address to mobile
node’s current care-of addresses
• valid only for specific lifetime, needs
reregister
Registration request
• Link-layer:
– source address = mobile node’s link layer
address
– destination address =
1) FA
2) router’s
3) home agent’s
Registration request
• UDP header:
– source port = any
– dest. port = 434 (reserved for mobile IP)
• Mobile IP fields:
–
–
–
–
Type = 1 for request, 3 for reply
S = 1 if this request should not affect existing bindings
B = 1 for a copy of local broadcasts at home link
D = 1 decapsulation is performed at collocated care-of
address
– M = 1 for minimal encapsulation
– G = 1 for Generic Record encapsulation
– V = 1 for Van Jacobson header compression
Registration request
Registration request
Registration request
• IP layer:
– source address =
1) mobile node’s home address (away via FA)
2) care-of address (collocated)
3) home address (at home)
– destination address =
1) FA
2) HA
3) HA
Registration request
– lifetime = number of seconds before
registration expires
– home address
– home agent
– care-of address
– identification: 64 bits matches request and
reply, security
– extension
Mobile IP Registration Request
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Service (SBDMGV)
Lifetime requested
Home IP address
HA (Home Agent) Address
COA (Care Of Address)
Identification
Authentication Ext
Mobile IP Registration Reply
•
•
•
•
•
Lifetime granted
Home IP address
HA (Home Agent)
Identification
Authentication Ext
Processing Registration
Request
How does a foreign agent
process a registration request?
• perform validity check and sends a
registration reply if it fails
– failed mobile-FA authentication
– mobile nodes requested a lifetime exceeding the
maximum value permitted by the FA
– request type of tunneling not supported by FA
– FA has insufficient resource to support
additional mobile nodes
How does a foreign agent
process a registration request?
• Relay:
– change IP header and UDP header:
– IP source: interface from which sending the
message
– IP destination: home agent
– UDP source: variable
– UDP dest.: 434
How does a home agent process
a registration request?
• validity checks
–
–
–
–
–
135: over the limit for the simultaneous registration
129: unauthorized service area
136: help the mobile node find a usable home agent
130: insufficient resource
133: help the mobile node resynchronize its replay
protection
• updates mobile node’s binding entry
How does a home agent process
a registration request?
How does a home agent process
a registration request?
• registration reply:
– code if no simultaneous binding is supported
– lifetime updated if exceeding maximum
How does a foreign agent
process a registration request?
• update a visitor list
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
link layer source address of the mobile node
IP source address (mobile node’s home address)
IP destination address
UDP source port
home agent address
identification field
requested registration lifetime
remaining lifetime of pending or current registration
Obtain HA’s address
How can a mobile node learn
the address of a home agent?
• manual configuration
• using registration request and reject
message
1) home link directed IP broadcast
– ex) 125.128.72.255/24
– may put the broadcast address in the home
agent address field of registration request
How can a mobile node learn
the address of a home agent?
2) foreign agent involved for home-link directed IP
broadcast
– registration request to FA with home agent address field
set to home agents
• reject message with code 136: unknown home
agent address
– the home agent field within the “reject” reply contains
the unicast address of the home agent replying
• retry registration with one of the obtained home
agent address
Authentication
Another Devil: Security Issues
• We'll look at only one of the "godzillions"
of security issues:
• Bogus registration (denial of service)
attacks
– Malicious host sends fake registration messages
to home agent "on behalf" of the mobile host
– Packets could be forwarded to malicious host or
to the bit bucket
Bogus Registration Attack
????
Send packets to me!!
Hehehehe!!
registration request
Madame Evil
home agent
Authentication
• To fix this problem, authenticate
registration attempts
• Use private key encryption to generate a
message digest
• Home agent applies private key to message
to see if message digest is identical
Authentication, Cont.
… care-of address…
private key
digest
???
home agent
Ooops. Replay Attacks!
home agent
"…mooohahahahahahahaha!!!!!"
Avoiding Replay Attacks
• Avoid replay attacks by making registration
requests un-replayable
• Add estimate of local time or a pseudo-random
number to registration request/reply
• If time estimate or random number is not the
expected number, provide info in "NO!" reply
for resynchronization
• Insufficient information to help malicious host
Mobile IP Authentication Ext.
• Mobile-Home (MH) authentication
• Mobile-Foreign (MF) authentication
• Foreign-Home (FH) authentication
Mobile IP Authentication Ext.
MN
• MH(m), MF(o), FH(o) Auth Ext
IP Header
UDP
Header
Mobile IP
Registration
MH Auth.
Ext.
MF Auth.
Ext.
FA
(m) = mandatory
(o) = optional
IP Header
UDP
Header
Mobile IP
Registration
MH Auth.
Ext.
HA
FH Auth.
Ext.
Mobile IP Authentication Ext.
•
•
•
•
Security association
Manual key distribution
MD5—16 byte keys
Prefix-suffix mode
HA Registration Operation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Authenticate MN
Add MN to mobility binding table
Tunnel setup
Send out gratuitous ARP
Add host route to MN via tunnel
Send registration reply
Move Detect
How does a mobile node
determine that it has moved?
• Using lifetime(slow detection)
– agents send periodic advertisement 3 times faster than
the lifetime
– if a mobile node do not receive advertisements within
the lifetime, it is regarded as “moved”
• Using “network-prefixes”
– Compute the network-prefix of the address of another
foreign agent’s advertisement to see if it is from a
different link using Prefix-length extension
What if no advertisements?
• try ICMP echo request: guess it is on home link
and home agent is temporarily dead
• try DHCP: guess connected on some foreign link,
use the address as a collocated address
• manual configuration
• Movement detection without
advertisements(upper layer solution):
– TCP progress monitoring
– promiscuous link examination: comparing the networkprefixes of all the flying packets with that of current
care-of address
Mobile IP Transparent Roaming
Mobility Binding Table:
MN
CoA
1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.7 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1
1.1.1.5 10.31.3.1
MN
FA
FA
10.31.2.1
FA
MN
10.31.1.1
MN
FA/MN Register
with the HA
MN
10.31.3.1
HA
Mobile IP Transparent Roaming
MN Realizes It Has Moved to a Network With a New FA
Mobility Binding Table:
MN
CoA
1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.7 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1
1.1.1.5 10.31.3.1
MN Registers With this New FA
MN
FA
FA
10.31.2.1
MN
10.31.3.1
HA
FA
MN
10.31.1.1
MN
When the MN Moves It Re-Registers via Its New FA
Mobile IP ReRegistration
When the New Registration Is Received, a New
Care-of Address Is Installed in the HA
MN
Mobility Binding Table:
MN
CoA
1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.7 10.31.2.1
1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1
1.1.1.5 10.31.3.1
FA
FA
MN
10.31.2.1
FA
10.31.3.1
HA
New Data Path
MN
10.31.1.1
Old Data Path
No Change
Is Propagated to
Correspondents
The Movement Is Transparent to all other Devices
Mobile IP: De-Registration
• Register with a lifetime value of 0
– When MN Returns to Home Network
– When MN decides to Power-down
• On De-Registration or on Timer Expiry,
resources are reclaimed at the HA/FA
Van Jacobson header
compression
• From Mobile node and foreign agent (usually
wireless with limited bandwidth)
• Both endpoints save the initial headers (TCP+IP)
• The initial headers are updated during TCP session
by sending only the changes to the header values
• 40 bytes reduced to 3~5 bytes
• link layer should be able to distinguish header
compression
• ex) PPP
Header compression
• use connection id to represent a 4-tuple
connection
• A byte to code changes in the fields + 2
byte checksum
• Changes follow the byte
Soft state
• Problem: For an encapsulating datagram, an ICMP
error message from inside a tunnel can not return
the original (encapsulated source/dest. IP
addresses) : ICMP error message = IP header + 8
bytes
• Solution: put a soft state at the tunnel entry point
– path MTU of the tunnel
– length of tunnel
– if the end-point is reachable
• The router at the entry point issues ICMP error
message to the original sender
Minimal encapsulation
• less overhead than the default IP-in-IP
• not used with fragmented datagram (no room for
fragmentation in minimal header)
• protocol field in IP header: 55
• dest. address of the IP header replaced by the
tunnel exit point
• source addr. field is replaced by the encapsulator’s
address (if it differs from the original source, in
which case source address is added in minimal
encapsulate header --> S = 1)
Minimal encapsulation
Minimal encapsulation
Generic Record Encapsulation
• can encapsulate numerous other protocols
besides IP
How to know who really sent a
registration message?
• include user name and password
• identification (64bits) field in registration
request and timer sync
How to prevent ping-ponging
wireless cells?
• wire cells tend to overlap causing continuous
registration
• link-layer solution: use bridges to form a link,
smooth handoff
• simultaneous binding: having multiple care-of
addresses
• trend: form a single link using handoff
• there exist some impossible cases for simultaneous
binding: using different frequency
• #Fig. 5-7 & 5-8 in solomon
Wireless Coverage
Simultaneous binding example
•
R bit in agent advetisement
• registration required
• tells a mobile node that it must register via
that foreign agent even when it is using
collocated care-of address, otherwise refuse
routing
• helps ISP to charge
• #Fig. 5-9 in solomon
R bit used for service providers
Routing datagrams
Mobile IP Packet Forwarding
Home
Agent
Correspondent
Host
Foreign
Agent
Mobile
Node
• Traffic is sent as usual to the home subnet
• The home agent intercepts (Proxy ARP) the traffic while the mobile
node is registered as away
• Traffic is tunneled to its current location
• Traffic from the mobile node can go directly to the correspondent
host
HA Routing
•
•
•
•
Acts as router
Look up MN host route
Send out on tunnel interface
Tunnel fast switching
FA Routing
• Decapsulate packet from tunnel
• Look up visitor table
• Use ARP entry to reach MN
How are packets routed to and
from mobile nodes?
• at home link: use conventional IP, better
store a copy of the routing table before
leaving
• at foreign link:
Tunneling
How does a home agent
intercept packets?
• advertise reachability to the home address
of the mobile node
• proxy ARP reply
• gratuitous ARP on registration from a
mobile node
• gratuitous ARP on returning to home link
Routing table integration via
virtual interfaces
• integrate tunneling into routing tables at
tunnel entry point: use host-specific route to
send the packet to a virtual interface where
encapsulation is performed and the
encapsulated packet is again presented to IP
layer for forwarding
Routing table at HA
Encapsulation via Virtual
Interface(HA)
At FA
• IP in IP packet is presented to upper layer
after decapsulation
• the upper layer is IP layer again with dest.
addr equal to home address
• use host-specific routing to deliver the
packet to the mobile node
Routing table at FA
Encapsulation via Virtual
Interface(HA)
How do mobile nodes send
packets?
• within a foreign agent:
– obtain routers link-layer address from agent
advertisement or router advertisement
– ARP is allowed with collocated care-of but not with
foreign agent
(can not communicate after it moves to a different link)
• without a foreign agent:
– router advertisement
– obtain router’s address
Reverse tunneling
Packets Dropped due to "Ingress" Filtering
Correspondent, home agent on
same network. Packet from mobile
host is deemed
"topologically incorrect"
correspondent host
home agent
Network ingress filtering and
mobile IP
• routing is based solely on destination addresses
• network ingress filtering: discard packets from
“wrong” places
• mobile node at a foreign link: network-prefix of
the IP does not match the network-prefix of the
foreign link --> “wrong” packets
• this may cause blocking
• solution: reverse tunneling, FA tunnels the
packets to the mobile node’s home agent and
resend there.
Why not source routing instead
of tunneling?
• loose source and record route option in IP
• input care-of address as an intermediate
option
• rarely supported by routers
• needs additional processing by routers on
the path
Why the triangle route?
• optimized tunneling
• hard to authenticate
• no much saving
Triangle routing vs Optimized
Routing
Route Optimizations
• Possible Solution:
– Home agent sends current care-of address to
correspondent host
– Correspondent host caches care-of address
– Future packets tunneled directly to care-of address
• But!
– An instance of the cache consistency problem arises...
– Cached care-of address becomes stale when the
mobile host moves
– Potential security issues with providing care-of
address to correspondent (ask me about this when we
talk about security!)
Possible Route Optimization
Routing Broadcast or multicast
Can mobile nodes send/receive
broadcasts/multicasts?
• prefix-specific broadcast vs link-specific
broadcast
• receiving broadcast with collocated care-of
address
• B bit in registration request
• D bit in registration request
Can mobile nodes send/receive
broadcasts/multicasts?
• receiving broadcast with foreign agent care-of
address:
– nested encapsulation: encapsulate the broadcast packet
with home address and then encapsulates it with care-of
address
– D=0
•
•
•
•
sending broadcast:
link-specific to foreign link
link-specific to home link
prefix-specific
Multicast
• for multicast tree, the IP source address
must be topologically true
• tunnel to the home agent and start there
• join the multicast group