Transcript Recent Trends in Global Fisheries Rainer Froese IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, Germany [email protected] & Daniel Pauly FC-UBC Vancouver, Canada [email protected] Daniel Pauly receives the Ramon Margalef Prize in Barcelona.

Recent Trends in Global
Fisheries
Rainer Froese
IFM-GEOMAR
Kiel, Germany
[email protected]
&
Daniel Pauly
FC-UBC
Vancouver, Canada
[email protected]
Daniel Pauly receives the Ramon Margalef Prize in Barcelona
We gratefully acknowledge permission
to use slides from Boris Worm,
Ram Myers, and Villy Christensen
Overview
•
•
•
•
•
•
The status of global fisheries
Ecosystem impacts of fisheries
Causes for overfishing
Possible solutions
Conclusions
Discussion
The Status of Global Fisheries
150 Years of Newfoundland Cod Fishery
A typical Fishery..
100
Percent
Fully exploited
Developing
50
Overfished
Collapsed
or closed
Undeveloped
10
0
1950
1960
1970
Years
1980
1990
2000
Froese and Kesner-Reyes, ICES 2002
Trends in Global Fisheries
100%
Percent of World Fisheries
26%
22%
5.1 years
31%
80%
Collapsed
4.1 years
Overfished
5.0 years
Fully exploited
60%
38%
Developing
4.3 years
40%
20%
0%
1951
Undeveloped
?
1956
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
Years
Froese and Kesner-Reyes, ICES 2002
Out of Current Stocks in 2048 ?
Stocks (%)
Worm et al., Science 2006
2048 ?
Reality Check in 2008
Catch
100%
r2=0.975
90%
2110
80%
70%
Percentage
60%
C
OF
FE
D
U
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Years
Froese et al. 2008, Marine Policy
Trends in Global Fisheries
100%
Percent of World Fisheries
26%
22%
5.1 years
31%
80%
Collapsed
4.1 years
Overfished
5.0 years
Fully exploited
60%
38%
Developing
4.3 years
40%
20%
0%
1951
Undeveloped
?
1956
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
Years
Froese and Kesner-Reyes, ICES 2002
Out of New Stocks in 2020
45
40
y = 24.27 - 0.4761 x
r2 = 0.4780
Number of new stocks
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
Year
Froese et al. 2008, Marine Policy
Where Do Most of the Catches
Come From?
0
China grossly over-reported its marine
fisheries catches throughout the 1990s …
(b)
18
16
Constant catch
mandated
6
Chinese catch (t · 10 )
14
12
Overall marine
10
EEZ uncorrected
EEZ corrected
8
6
4
2
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
(Watson & Pauly, Nature, 2001).
Impact of Over-reporting on
Global Catch Statistics
(a)
90
El Niño events
85
Global catch (t ·10 6)
80
75
70
65
El Niño
event
Uncorrected
Corrected
60
Corrected, no anchoveta
55
50
45
40
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Watson and Pauly (Nature), 2001.
(t/km2)
Biomass of Table Fish in 1900
Christensen et al. 2003
and in 2000….
Christensen et al. 2003
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Source: Myers and Worm 2003.
Nature 423: 280-283
Overfishing in the North Atlantic
Trends from
‘Working Group’
reports by fisheries
scientists in
government agencies
(NMFS, DFO,
DIFMAR,
IFREMER, etc.),
compiled by R. A.
Myers.
Global Overfishing
With thanks to Ram Myers and Boris Worm
In Summary
• Global fisheries have drastically reduced
the size of their target stocks
Ecosystem Impacts of Fisheries
Impact on the Sea Floor
before
after
Photos: Dr. K. Sainsbury, CSIRO
Trawl in Action:
Tracks of Trawls
courtesy F. Grassle
Shrimp Trawlers from Space
QuickBird satellite on 20 February 2003, off the coast of
Jiangsu province near the mouth of the Yangtze River;
And More Trawling for Shrimps…
Not only in China, also in Texas
Here: shrimp
trawlers off the
Texas Coast,
Gulf of Mexico
Photo courtesy of
Dr. Kyle van
Houten
(Duke
Ecosystem Effects of Fishing
4

10%
3
2
1
 10%
..
. . . . . . . 10%
. *. .*. .
*. . . *. . . . .
*
*. *. *. . *.
.
...
Fishing Down Food Webs
TL of landings
3.4
3.3
3.2
Marine
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
Freshwater
2.7
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Pauly et al. (Science, 1998)
A. Pristine
ecosystems
Let’s look at it in
some detail…
B. Present
ecosystems
C. Future
ecosystems
A. Pristine
ecosystems
• Abundant large, long-lived, high
trophic-level predators;
• Small populations of forage fish and
invertebrates such as cephalopods;
• Suppression of opportunistic
species (e.g., penaeid shrimps);
• Oligotrophic waters, due to
consumption of excess primary
production by benthos;
• Sea bottom consolidated by live
benthos.
• Decline of high
trophic-level
species;
• Initial increase
of mid sized and
mid trophic-level
species, then
subsequent
decline of same;
• Increase of
small,
opportunistic
species
supporting
valuable
fisheries
(shrimps, crabs,
squids).
B. Present
ecosystems
• Decline of benthos
cover (including
corals);
• Localized transition to
eutrophic waters;
• Localized increase of
muddy areas, devoid
of biogenic structures.
• Ecosystem dominated by small
fishes and invertebrates, notably
jellyfish;
• Re-suspension of sediments by
storms and bottom trawling
injects nutrients into water
column;
• High primary production;
• Microbial process dominate, and
system susceptible to invasions
and harmful algal blooms;
• Benthic processes dominated by
anoxic events, i.e., ‘dead zones’.
C. Future
ecosystems
In Summary…
• Global fisheries have severe negative
impact on the marine ecosystem
Causes for Overfishing
• Crash course in fisheries management
– Three types of overfishing
Fisheries Management Basics
8000
MSY
Catch in kg and Value/Cost in €
MEY
Cost of fishing
€ Growth
overfishing
6000
€
€
Economic
overfishing
4000
Fpa
Recruitment
overfishing
Flim
2000
?
†
0
0
20
40
60
Fishing Effort (hours)
80
100
EU Fisheries Management
8000
MSY
Catch in kg and Value/Cost in €
MEY
Cost of fishing
€
6000
EU 2008: 88% of stocks
€
MEY and MSY overfished
€
Fpa
4000
Subsidies
?
68% EU stocks
beyond Fpa
Flim
2000
?
†
0
0
20
40
60
Fishing Effort (hours)
80
100
Causes for Overfishing
• Crash course in fisheries management
– Three types of overfishing
– Subsidies increase overfishing
– Overfishing decreases mean size of fish
Catching Baby Fish
Babyfisch in Nordseefängen 2000 - 2004
100
90
82 %
Prozent Babyfisch im Fang (%)
80
70
61 %
60
54 %
55 %
Seelachs
Scholle
50
40
36 %
32 %
30
20
18 %
10
0
Makrele
Seezunge
Hering
Schellfisch
Kabeljau
Quelle: ICES Report on the Assessment of Demersal
Stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak 2005
Causes for Overfishing
• Mismanagement
• Subsidies
• Misinformation
The Fecundity Myth
“In theory, one pair of cod is enough to
replenish the North Sea cod stock…”
Fact 1: No relationship between fecundity and
reproductive success
No Relationship between Fecundity
and Reproductive Success
Froese and Luna, ACTA 2004
The Fecundity Myth
“In theory, one pair of cod is enough to
replenish the North Sea cod stock…”
Fact 1: No relationship between fecundity and
reproductive success
Fact 2: ICES estimates critical spawning stock
biomass for North Sea cod at 70,000 t
(10 million pairs…)
The ‘Juveniles Die Anyway’ Myth
“Catching juveniles is good because it let’s
the old, productive fish live. Many
juveniles would have died anyway.”
Facts:
1. Causes for mortality do not substituted,
they add up.
2. Juveniles are the adults of tomorrow.
3. A given catch kills 10 times more
juveniles than adults.
Size at First Capture Matters
140
100
Legal minimum
size 35 cm
Impact on cohort
120
100
60
80
60
40
TAC 40,000 t
40
Catch (% Biomass)
Cohort Biomas (thousand t)
80
20
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
Length (cm)
100
120
0
140
Froese et al. 2008 Fisheries Research
Possible Solutions
Solution: Reduce Reduction
Eat Anchovies, Sardines, Mackerels…
Solution: MPAs
WPC: World Park Congress
CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity
Wood et al. (submitted)
Solution: Stop Subsidies
Subsidy amounts (USD billion)
60
50
40
30
Fuel
20
All except
fuel
10
0
FAO (1992)
This study
Milazzo (1998)
Khan et al. (2006)
Solution: Work with Industry
Marine Stewardship Council certifies
sustainable fisheries and products from
such fisheries
MSC Label for processed fish such as
fish sticks or smoked wild salmon
(www.msc.org)
Retailer’s Fisheries Management
Solution: Work With Consumers
Fisch im Handy
(Mobile Seafood Guide)
www.fischimhandy.de
Fisch im Handy
www.fischimhandy.de
Fisch im Handy
www.fischimhandy.de
Fisch im Handy
www.fischimhandy.de
Solutions: Future Ocean
• Mini Project: “Alternative Scenarios for
European Fisheries Management”
• Biologists, Economists and legal Experts
join forces to provide options for different
fisheries management within the existing
European framework.
Conclusions
• Fish stocks are declining worldwide
• Overfishing is drastically changing the marine
ecosystems
• Overfishing is driven by mismanagement, myths
and subsidies
• Top down solutions (MPAs, no subsidies, better
management) are needed but slow
• Involving retailers and the public seems most
promising
• Thank You