Wind

in WNC

Oct 27, 2007 Andrews, NC

Brent Summerville, ASU

NC Small Wind Initiative

  Appalachian State University Project to promote wind energy in Western NC • Beech Mountain wind site • • • • • • Anemometer Loan Program Mapping Wind Site Assessments Workshops and Presentations Ordinance work Media Outreach

Reach us at: wind.appstate.edu

[email protected]

828-262-7333

1400 – 1800 years ago, in the Middle East 800 – 900 years

Wind Power History

ago in Europe 140 years ago, water-pumping wind mills 70 years ago, electric power

2MW Mod-1 Turbine: 1979 - 1983

1980s California Wind Rush

1980s Denmark Got it Right

Today: Wind Energy is Reliable and Cost Effective

Wind has become the least expensive and fastest growing source of electricity in the world -details at www.gwec.net

Mountain Ridge Protection Act of 1983

“No building, structure or unit shall protrude at its uppermost point above the crest of the ridge by more than 35’ “

Exemptions to Ridge Law

Water, radio, telephone or television towers or any equipment for the transmission of electricity or communications or both.

Structures of a relatively slender nature and minor vertical projections of a parent building, including chimneys, flagpoles, flues, spires, steeples, belfries, cupolas, antennas, poles, wires, or

windmills

NC Attorney General’s 2/4/2002 letter to TVA

“The Legislature in 1983 had in mind, the traditional, solitary farm windmill which has long been in use in rural communities, not windfarm turbines of the size, type, or certainly number proposed here…”

Our Wind Resource

Like most things, wind is powered by the Sun

 What causes wind?

 Differences in pressure and temperature • Solar Power • Uneven heating of the Earth’s surface • Differences in heating and cooling rates • Earth’s rotation

Flagging: Deformed Growth from Persistent Winds

Extreme Flagging on Grandfather

Wind Maps

Updated Hi-res Map

Location and Percentage of High Quality Wind Resources in the US

Class 6 (4.3%)

Class 5 (6.3%) Class 4 & above 27.5%

Average Wind Speed is the Key

 Most important variable

Power ~ V 3

 Double speed and power increases 8 times  73% more power in a 12 mph wind than a 10 mph wind  This is why it is so important to carefully assess

Western NC Wind Potential

New Hi-Res North Carolina Wind Map

We are not in South Dakota Careful site analysis is important

North Carolina Coastal Resources

24 County Western NC Wind Map

County Wind Maps for Western NC True Wind Map Combined With:

       Road data Digital elevation models Public lands Appalachian Trail Town boundaries Utility grid Tax parcel maps www.wind.appstate.edu

What Fir Tree Farm - Watauga

Hattie Hill Site - Watauga

Wind Monitoring Activities

 Actual on-site measurements

Measuring Devices and Parameters

   

Anemometer

• Best indication of energy production • • Indicator of turbulence Provide information on wind shear

Wind Vane

• Wind rose • Micro siting

Temp Sensor

• Identify icing events • Air density

Data Loggers

TVA Monitoring Activities

50 meter met tower

Anemometer Loan Program

Measured vs Truewind Wind Speeds (m/s) (.23 m/s average difference) 8 7 6 2 1 0 5 4 3

Truewind Anemometer

Factors Affecting Wind



Elevation

 Obstructions  Surface Roughness  Perpendicular Ridges  Time of day  Time of year

Elevation & Wind Velocity

10 6 5 4 9 8 7 3 2 1 0 6 6.59

6.6

7.2

7.3

8 8.16

9 3600' class 2 4000' class 3 4418' class 4 4690' class 5 M/S @ 50 m M/S @ 80

Season and Time of Day

 Higher winds found late in the evening and early morning  Higher winds seen during the winter 1.000% 0.900% 0.800% 0.700% 0.600% 0.500% 0.400% 0.300% 0.200% 0.100% 0.000% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Wind Micrositing

Where to put it

Step 1: What do you want to do?

Step 2: Resource Assessment



Average annual wind speed at the proposed hub height is critical

 Wind maps  Existing data • Extrapolate wind speed from a lower height to hub height   Measure • Anemometer, wind vane, temp, logger Flagging, interview locals

Rule 1: Minimize Turbulence Rule 2: Minimum Tower Height

30’ above obstructions within 300 – 500’

Tower Height Depends on Terrain

Rule 3: Stay upwind of obstacles

 Know the prevailing wind direction  The turbine would like a clear view in that direction

Annual Frequency and Average Annual Wind Speed in Sixteen Compass Directions

Potato Hill, Watauga County, NC WNW W NW NNW 15 10 5 0 35 N 30 25 20 NNE NE ENE E WSW ESE SW SE SSW S

Wind Frequency Wind Speed

SSE

Rule 4: Minimize Compromises

 The wind blows from all directions  There may not be the “perfect” spot  The goal is to maximize

your

resource wind

Rule 5: Voltage and wire run

 Think about the wire run  Higher voltage means smaller wire  Raising the system voltage gives you more flexibility in tower placement

Visualizing the Turbulence

Use a kite or balloon with streamers

Measuring Heights

 Shadow method

Measuring Heights

 Friend and Pen Tree Height

Micrositing Recap

Small Wind Turbine Technology

Small Wind Turbine Technology

Horizontal Axis Upwind Horizontal Axis Downwind Vertical Axis Towers Systems

HAWT - Upwind

• Configuration: 2 or 3 blades aimed into the wind by the tail • Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics • Over-Speed Protection: turns out of the wind) Furling (rotor • Generator: Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC, variable-speed operation

Bergey EXCEL, 10 kW

Southwest Windpower Flagstaff, Arizona www.windenergy.com

Whisper 200 1000 W AIR 400 W Whisper 100 900 W Whisper 500 3 kW (Now with grid-tie)

Ned Trivette Whisper 200 Sugar Grove, NC

Beech Mountain Wind Energy Research & Demonstration Site

Bergey Windpower Norman, Oklahoma www.bergey.com

BWC XL.1

1 kW BWC Excel 10 kW

Bergey 10kW Canton, NC

Abundant Renewable Energy Newberg, Oregon www.abundantre.com

ARE110 2.5 kW

Homebuilt www.otherpower.com

www.scoraigwind.com

Fuhrländer Lorax Energy Systems, Rhode Island

FL 250 250 kW

www.lorax-energy.com

FL 100 100 kW FL 30 30 kW

Over-Speed Protection During High Winds

• Furling: The rotor turns up and to one side, or back, or to the side

HAWT - Downwind

• Configuration: 2 or 3 blades, no tail, blades face downwind • Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics • Over-Speed Protection:

Zebedee Furl

(blade coning), tip brakes, stall regulation • Generator: Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase AC, variable-speed operation wind Proven WT600

Proven Engineering Products, Ltd .

Scotland, United Kingdom www.provenenergy.com

WT600 600 W WT2500 2.5 kW WT6000 6 kW

Proven Blade Coning

 Flexible

Zebedee hinge

 As RPM increases, blades are thrown outwards by centrifugal force  Changes aerodynamic pitch  10-15 year hinge life

70 Foot Guyed Tower

Southwest Windpower Skystream

www.skystreamenergy.com

35 Foot Monopole Tower

Southwest Windpower Skystream

www.skystreamenergy.com

VAWT – Drag & Lift

• Configuration: Lift or Drag • Drag: Anemometer, Savonius • Lift: Darrieus, H-Darrieus Savonius

Mother Earth News

Anemometer Darrieus

Savonius (S-rotor)

     Make from buckets, paddles, sails, and oil drums originated in Finland tsr ≈ 1 Can be useful for grinding grain, pumping water, and many other tasks …but are not good for generating electricity (low speed, high torque)

Darrieus Lift-Type Vertical-Axis Machines

   French engineer Georges Darrieus patented the design in 1931 Plus: generator on ground, yawing not required Minus: low to ground, low efficiency, not self starting, vibration, high bearing forces H-Darrieus, straight blades Darrieus, curved blades

The main issue with VAWT: Availability on the Market

Small Wind Turbine Towers

Fixed Guyed Tower Tilt-Up Tower Self-Supporting Tower

Fixed Guyed Tower

Build on ground Tilt-Up with crane (3) guy wire anchors, climbing, crane

Tilt-Up Guyed Tower

Build on ground Tilt-Up with winch or grip hoist (4) guys wire anchors, maintenance on ground, economical

Self Supporting Towers

Build on ground Raise with crane No guy wires, requires climbing or crane

On-Grid Wind System without Storage

Meter Inverter AC Wind turbine Load 02770329

On-Grid Wind System with Storage

Meter Regulation and conversion Inverter AC Wind turbine This system has storage which provides backup power.

Load 02770330

The Effect of Seasons on Hybrid Power Systems

Summer PV modules and wind turbine (active generation) Battery (storage) Loads (utilization) Winter PV modules and wind turbine (no generation) Battery (storage) Loads (utilization) 02770322

Solar and Wind Resources are Complimentary

400

Data from SE Iowa

350 300 250 200 Average wind power 150 100 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0277032 4

PV/Wind Hybrid Project Installed on Beech

Energy



Power

Power: Rate at which energy is delivered Power = Energy Time  Measured in Watts (W), kilowatts (kW), or horsepower  Power is an

instantaneous

quantity  Power does

not

accumulate  Think gallons per minute



Energy

Energy: Ability to do something  Measured in kilowatt  Hours (kWhrs)  Why? • Since Power = Energy/Time, then Power  Time = Energy  Energy

does

accumulates over time   Think gallons Gallons = (gallons/min)  minutes



Swept Area

The single most important parameter of a wind turbine is its rotor’s

swept area

A



Power of a Wind Turbine

The power of a wind turbine is

P = ½



v 3 A C P

A: swept area of rotor C P : rotor efficiency  Example: A 2.5 m diameter turbine with a 25% efficient rotor in our 8.0 m/s wind will have P = ½ (1.0 kg/m 3 )(8.0 m/s) 3 [  (2.5 m/2) 2 ](0.25) = 314 W

 

Method of Bins

There are limitations to this method… • Wind speed is not constant!

• Rotor efficiency depends on wind speed!

• Small turbines furl in high winds Here’s a better method:

Method of Bins

• Need to know (or approximate) your wind distribution • Power Curve of turbine



Wind Distribution

Wind is known to follow a

distribution

pattern

Credit: Paul Gipe



Power Curve

The turbine’s manufacturer will provide you with its power curve Bergey XL.1

 

Method of Bins

Calculate Energy = Power 

wind speed bin

Time

for each

Sum ‘um up!

Method of Bins

Power Curve Wind Distribution (data) Annual Energy Output



Power Curve

Southwest Windpower Whisper 100 and Whisper 200  Similar rated power  Difference in energy

Charts from Manufacturer

Incentives

North Carolina Incentive Programs

 TVA Green Power Switch  NC GreenPower  NC Personal Renewable Energy Tax Credit  NC Corporate Renewable Energy Tax Credit  Green tags  Renewable Energy Equipment Manufacturers Incentive  Energy Improvement Loan Program  USDA Farm Bill www.dsireusa.org

Green Tags

TVA Green Power Switch Generation Partners Program Details

     Wind or PV (.5 – 50 KW) Residential or small commercial $.15/kWh credit Energy used on site is billed at standard rate www.tva.com/greenpowerswitch/partners/index.htm

NC GreenPower Program www.ncgreenpower.org

To improve the quality of the environment by encouraging the development of renewable energy resources through consumers ’ voluntary purchase of green power.

   RFP process for green power No wind producers yet Green Power program initially quoted an estimate of .06/kwh

NC Net Metering

Credited to a customer's next monthly bill, but reset to zero at the beginning of each summer (June 1) and winter (October 1) billing season. Any renewable-energy credits associated with net excess is granted to the utility when the balance is zeroed out. 20 kW for residential systems; 100 kW for non-residential systems Investor-owned utilities (Progress Energy, Duke Power, Dominion North Carolina Power) Photovoltaics, Landfill Gas, Wind, Biomass, Anaerobic Digestion

NC Renewable Energy Tax Credits

 35% for all technologies  Can take tax credit over 5 years  No more than half of tax liability  No refund based on tax credit

Wind Turbine Installed Cost Example

Updated: Oct04

Southwest Windpower Whisper H40 Wind turbine & Controller Tower (80 guyed) Inverter Battery and Containment Shipping Installation Permits/Fees Sales Tax, 5% Total $2,045 $2,220 $1,000 $300 $200 $1,200 $200 $358 $7,523

High Cost $2,045 $690 $2,500 $800 $400 $2,500 $500 9% $10,033 Low Cost $2,045 $2,220 $500 $200 $150 $0 $0 0% $5,115 Tax Credit Final Cost $2,633 $4890 $3,511 $6,522 $1,790 $3,325

USDA Farm Bill Section 9006

Farmers and Rural Small Business Owners Can Apply for: •25% from $2,500 to $500,000 •Or up to $10 million in guaranteed loans

Contact

H. Rossie Bullock Business Programs Specialist 440C Caton Rd.

P.O. Box 7426 Lumberton, NC 28359-7426 Phone: (910) 739-3349 ext. 4 Fax: (910) 618-9444 email: [email protected]

Wind Turbine Installed Cost

Updated: 11-Oct-04 High Cost Low Cost

Bergey Excel-S (10 kW) Wind turbine & inverter Tower (100 ft guyed) Tower Wiring Kit Shipping Installation Permits/Fees Sales Tax, 5% Total $24,750 $7,800 $860 $1,500 $8,000 $500 $2,146 $45,556

$24,750 $25,100 $1,070 $2,000 $10,000 $3,500 9.3% $72,272 $24,750 $6,200 $860 $1,000 $2,000 $0 none $34,810 USDA Grant Adjusted Total $11,389 $34,167 $18,068 $54,204 $8,702 $26,108

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5

Small Wind Economics in North Carolina 35% State Income Tax Credit & 25% USDA Grant (wind speed at 10 m)

6 7 10.6 mph (Class 2) 16.3 mph (Class 7)

Residential Electric Rates for North Carolina Utilities

8 9 10 11

Electric Rate, ¢/kWh

12 13 14 15

Questions?

      Thanks Brent Summerville Call or email me for more info 828-262-7333 [email protected]

wind.appstate.edu

My presentations will be available at wind.appstate.edu

Click on REPORTS….CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS