Transcript Digital Photography DeCal EECS98/198 Spring 2010 Nathan Yan Kellen Freeman Digital Photography DeCal – important notes! 1.

Digital Photography DeCal
EECS98/198
Spring 2010
Nathan Yan
Kellen Freeman
Digital Photography DeCal – important notes!
1. Administrivia at the end of lecture
2. I tend to talk fast…
– sorry! >__<
3. I tend to mumble and stutter…
– sorry! >__<
4. No such thing as a dumb question
5. Website is http://www.photodecal.org
-lectures, assignments, news!
How it works
All cameras, film or digital, work the same:
Photons are projected onto a photo-sensitive plane which records the light
information
How it works
By confining light to only photons which pass through
a certain point, we begin to resolve “detail”
History of Camera Development
• Many pinhole-type cameras dating back to the 11th century
• Joseph Niépce recorded the first photograph in 1826, using a photo-sensitive
silver/chalk mixture (8 hour exposure)
• Development of recording mediums more responsive to light: wet plates, dry
plates
• George Eastman introduces photographic film in 1885, and debuts the “Kodak”
camera in 1888 – a cheap and easy to operate camera that began to popularize
cameras
• Oskar Barnack developed the Leica camera in 1925, which popularized 35mm film
standard
• Ihagee introduced the first single-lens reflex (SLR) camera, Exakta, in 1933,
allowing photographers to view image “through the lens”
• Auto-focus developed in the Konica C35AF in 1977
History of Digital Camera Development
• Began with charged couple device (CCD) sensors that recorded to analog media
• Steve Sasson produced the first such camera for Kodak in 1975
• Solid state CCD that recorded output onto cassette tape
• Resolution: 10,000 pixels, or 0.01 megapixels
• First practical use in 1984, for journalism
• Canon RC-701 recorded images onto "video floppies"
• During 1984 Olympics images could be transmitted via telephone lines, and image
quality (780x585, 0.4MP) was acceptable for newsprint
• JPEG image compression standard introduced in 1988
• First true digital camera: Fuji DS-1P debuted in 1988, recording a digitized image file to
onboard memory
• First camera with live image feed to LCD: Casio QV-10 in 1995
• First "professional" digital SLR camera natively designed: 2.74MP Nikon D1 in 1999
• First affordable "consumer" digital SLR: 6MP Canon Digital Rebel 300D in 2003 - $1000
• First electronic viewfinder, interchangeable lens (EVIL): Panasonic G1 in 2008
Input:
Light
«photons»
Output:
Electrical signals
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Photowell
Bucketloads of Electrons!
Many electrons
Few electrons
Voltage: High
Voltage: Low
Implication: Many Implication: Few
photons detected, photons detected,
bright exposure
dark exposure
Result: bright image Result: dark image
Max electrons
Voltage: Max
Implication: Max
photons detected,
brightest exposure
Result: White image
No electrons
Voltage: Zero
Implication: No
photons detected,
darkest exposure
Result: Black image
From detectors to image sensors
Aperture
Bigger aperture = more light!
Shutter speed
Longer shutter speed (exposure time) = more light collected!
ISO is a “sensitivity” – higher ISO means more signal (brightness) for the input
(light) you actually get
Amplified electrical signal
Amplifier
Electrical signal
Accumulated
charge
ISO sensitivity
Digital Multiplication
Use software to multiply the pixel values
Shutter speed
Aperture
Amplified electrical signal
Voltage Reading
Si
Photons
Signal
Amplifier
Amplification
Si
Si
Quantum efficiency
Photoelectrons
Photons
Electrons
Electrical signal
Accumulated
charge
Voltage Signal
Image file
Image Brightness
Digital
Multiplication
Exposure "Stops"
Stops
Exposure
Shutter speed
Aperture
ISO sensitivity
-4
1/16x
1/1600s
f/22
ISO50
-3
1/8x
1/800s
f/16
ISO100
-2
1/4x
1/400s
f/11
ISO200
-1
1/2x
1/200s
f/8.0
ISO400
0
1x
1/100s
f/5.6
ISO800
+1
2x
1/50s
f/4.0
ISO1600
+2
4x
1/25s
f/2.8
ISO3200
+3
8x
1/12s
f/2.0
ISO6400
+4
16x
1/6s
f/1.4
ISO12800
Class Enrollment:
Lecture
1 unit P/NP
Tuesday 6-7pm in 160 Kroeber (here)
98 CCN: 25320
198 CCN: 25574
Grading:
Score 50% (cumulative) on weekly quizzes
Photo Basics:
Week 1:
-Anatomy of a Digital Sensor
-Conversion process of light into images
-Aperture, shutter speed, ISO sensitivity in sensor model
Week 2:
-Side-effects of exposure parameters
-Autoexposure/metering
-Controlling exposure parameters in program modes
Low-light photography:
Week 3
-Analyzing blur
-Blur reduction technology/techniques
Week 4
-Defining noise
-Sources of noise
-Noise vs. detail
Week 5
-Noise reduction methods
-Creative usage of blur
Lighting:
Week 6
-Why flash is usually bad
-Advanced flash techniques
-Flash stop-action
-Direction and intensity of light
Week 7
-Dynamic, tonal range limitations
-Balancing detail vs. contrast
Week 8
Spring Break – no class
Week 9
-Expanding dynamic range
-Shrinking dynamic range
Week 10
-White balance
-Black and white conversion
Lenses:
Week 11
-Focal length and angle of view
-Subject distance and perspective
Week 12
-Focusing
-Autofocusing systems
-Depth of field
Week 13
-Lens characteristics
-Resolving power
-Diffraction
-Chromatic aberrations
-Distortion
-Software workarounds
Optional Section Enrollment:
Discussion (Optional)
1 unit P/NP
Tuesday 5-6pm in 115 Kroeber
Grading:
Complete all semi-weekly assignments
Into to Photojournalism(Optional)
1 unit P/NP
Thursday 5-6:30pm in 251 Dwinelle
Grading:
Complete all semi-weekly assignments
Complete documentary/photostory project
To apply:
check on photodecal.org later tonight (~11pm)
Email ([email protected]) and I will send you link
Questionnaire due Thursday 11:59pm, will respond with CCN by
Friday