A Brief Introduction to Optical Networks Gaurav Agarwal [email protected] What I hope you will learn Why Optical? Intro to Optical Hardware Three generations of Optical Various Switching.
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Transcript A Brief Introduction to Optical Networks Gaurav Agarwal [email protected] What I hope you will learn Why Optical? Intro to Optical Hardware Three generations of Optical Various Switching.
A Brief Introduction to Optical
Networks
Gaurav Agarwal
[email protected]
What I hope you will learn
Why Optical?
Intro to Optical Hardware
Three generations of Optical
Various Switching Architectures
Circuit, Packet and Burst
Protection and Restoration
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Outline
Why Optical? (Any guesses???)
Intro to Optical Hardware
Three generations of Optical
Various Switching Architectures
Circuit, Packet and Burst
Protection and Restoration
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Bandwidth: Lots of it
Usable band in a fiber
Link Speeds upto 40 Gbps per
OC-3 155Mbps
OC-768 40Gbps becoming available
Total link capacity
1.30m - 1.65m 40 THz
spaced at 100 GHz 400 s per fiber
400 * 40Gbps = 16 Tbps!
Do we need all this bandwidth?
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Other advantages
Transparent to bit rates and modulation
schemes
Low bit error rates
10-9 as compared to 10-5 for copper wires
High speed transmission
To make this possible, we need:
All-Optical reconfigurable (within seconds)
networks
Definitely a difficult task
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What a path will look like
Lasers generate the signal
All-Optical
Switch*
Optical receivers
All-Optical
Switch*
All-Optical
Switch*
Optical
Amplifier
* All-optical Switch with wavelength converters and optical buffers
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Outline
Why Optical?
Intro to Optical Hardware
Three generations of Optical
Various Switching Architectures
Circuit, Packet and Burst
Protection and Restoration
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Fiber & Lasers
Fiber
Larger transmission band
Reduced dispersion, non linearity and
attenuation loss
Lasers
Up to 40Gbps
Tunability emerging
Reduced noise (both phase and intensity)
Made from semiconductor or fiber
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Optical Amplifiers
As opposed to regenerators
Make possible long distance transmissions
Transparent to bit rate and signal format
Have large gain bandwidths (useful in WDM systems)
Expensive (~$50K)
Now:
Optical Amps
Then:
Regenerators
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Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers
Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
Allows transit traffic to bypass node optically
New traffic stream can enter without affecting the
existing streams
1
2
3
1
OADM
2
’3
3
’3
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Optical Switches
Route a channel from any I/P port to any O/P port
Can be fixed, rearrangable, or with converters
MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)
Thermo-Optic Switches
Agilent (HP)
LC (Liquid Crystal) Switches
JDS Uniphase, Nanovation, Lucent
Bubble Switches
Lucent, Optical Micro Machines, Calient, Xros etc.
Corning, Chorum Technologies
Non-Linear Switches (still in the labs)
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MEMS Switches
2-D Optical Switches
Crossbar architecture
Simple Digital Control of mirrors
Complexity O(N²) for full non
blocking architecture
Current port count limited to 32 x
32.
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3D MEMS Switch Architecture
3-D Optical Switches
Analog Control of Mirrors.
Long beam paths (~1m) require
collimators.
Complexity O(N) (Only 2N mirrors
required for a full non blocking NxN
switch)
Lucent Lambda Router : Port
256 x 256; each channel supports
up to 320 Gbps.
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Wavelength Converters
Improve utilization of available wavelengths on links
All-optical WCs being developed
Greatly reduce blocking probabilities
3
2
3
2
WC
No converters
1
New request
1 3
With converters
1
New request
1 3
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Optical Buffers
Fiber delay lines are used
To get a delay of 1msec:
Speed of Light = 3*108 m/sec
Length of Fiber = 3*108 *10-3 m
= 300 km
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Outline
Why Optical?
Intro to Optical Hardware
Three generations of Optical
Various Switching Architectures
Circuit, Packet and Burst
Protection and Restoration
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Generation I
Point-to-point optical links used simply as a
transmission medium
Fiber connected by Electronic routers/switches with
O-E-O conversion
Regenerators used for long haul
Electronic data
as the signal
E-O
Switch
Signal received
as electronic
O-E-O
Switch
O-E
Switch
Regenerators
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Generation II
Static paths in the core of the network
All-Optical Switches (may not be
intelligent)
Circuit-switched
Configurable (but in the order of
minutes/hours)
Soft of here
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Gen II: IP-over-Optical
Optical
Subnet
IP Router Network
IP Router Network
NNI
UNI
Optical
Subnet
Light Path
Optical
Subnet
IP Router Network
End-to-end path
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Peer Model
IP and optical networks are treated as a
single integrated network
OXCs are treated as IP routers with assigned
IP addresses
No distinction between UNI and NNI
Single routing protocol instance runs over
both domains
Topology and link state info maintained by
both IP and optical routers is identical
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Overlay Model
IP network routing and signaling protocols
are independent of the corresponding optical
networking protocols
IP Client & Optical network Server
Static/Signaled overlay versions
Similar to IP-over-ATM
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Integrated Model
Leverages “best-of-both-worlds” by interdomain separation while still reusing MPLS
framework
Separate routing instances in IP and ON
domains
Information from one routing instance can be
passed through the other routing instance
BGP may be adapted for this information
exchange
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Generation III
An All-Optical network
Optical switches reconfigurable in milliseconds
Intelligent and dynamic wavelength
assignment, path calculation, protection built
into the network
Possibly packet-switched
Dream of the Optical World
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Generation III (contd.)
Optical “routers” perform L3 routing
No differentiation between optical and
electrical IP domains
Routing decision for each packet made at
each hop
Statistical sharing of link bandwidth
Complete utilization of link resources
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Outline
Why Optical?
Intro to Optical Hardware
Three generations of Optical
Various Switching Architectures
Circuit, Packet and Burst
Protection and Restoration
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State of the World Today
Electronic
Network
Electronic
Network
O/E/O
O/E/O
E/O
E/O
O/E/O
O/E/O
O/E/O
O/E/O
E/O
Electronic
Network
E/O
Optical Core
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Electronic
Network
26
View of a E/O node
Input
Port 1
Optical
Link 1
Input
Port 2
Input
Port 3
Electrical
Optical
Optical
Link 2
Input
Port 1
Input
Port 2
Input
Port 3
OP1
OP2
OP3
OP4
Optical
Link 3
Input
Port 4
Physical View
Input
Port 4
Logical View
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O P N-1
OPN
27
Optical Circuit Switching
Electronic
Network
Electronic
Network
O/E/O
OS
O/E/O
OS
E/O
E/O
O/E/O
OS
O/E/O
OS
O/E/O
OS
O/E/O
OS
E/O
Electronic
Network
E/O
Optical Core
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Electronic
Network
28
Optical Circuit Switching
Electronic
Network
Electronic
Network
O/E/O
OS
O/E/O
OS
E/O
E/O
O/E/O
OS
O/E/O
OS
O/E/O
OS
O/E/O
WC
OS
E/O
Electronic
Network
E/O
Optical Core
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Electronic
Network
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Optical Circuit Switching
A circuit or ‘lightpath’ is set up through a
network of optical switches
Path setup takes at least one RTT
Need not do O/E/O conversion at every node
No optical buffers since path is pre-set
Need to choose path
Need to assign wavelengths to paths
Hope for easy and efficient reconfiguration
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Problems
Need to set up lightpath from source to destination
Data transmission initiated after reception of
acknowledgement (two way reservation)
Poor utilization if subsequent transmission has small duration
relative to set-up time. (Not suited for bursty traffic)
Protection / fault recovery cannot be done efficiently
Example : Network with N switches, D setup time per switch,
T interhop delay.
Circuit Setup time = 2.(N-1).T + N.D
If N = 10, T = 10ms, D = 5ms, setup time = 230 ms.
At 20 Gbps, equivalent to 575 MB (1 CD) worth of data !
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Optical Packet Switching
Internet works with packets
Data transmitted as packets (fixed/variable
length)
Routing decision for each packet made at
each hop by the router/switch
Statistical sharing of link bandwidth leads to
better link utilization
Traffic grooming at the edges? Optical
header?
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Problems
Requires intelligence in the optical layer
Or O/E/O conversion of header at each hop
Packets are small Fast switching (nsec)
Need store-and-forward at nodes or Deflection
Routing. Also store packet during header processing
Buffers are extremely hard to implement
Fiber delay lines
1 pkt = 12 kbits @ 10 Gbps requires 1.2 s of delay => 360
m of fiber)
Delay is quantized
How about QoS?
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Multiprotocol Lambda Switching
D. Awduche et. al., “Requirements for Traffic
Engineering Over MPLS,” RFC 2702
Problem decomposition by decoupling the
Control plane from the Data plane
Exploit recent advances in MPLS traffic
engineering control plane
All optical data plane
Use as a “label”
The on incoming port determines the output
port and outgoing
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OXCs and LSRs
Electrical Network – Label Switched Routers
(LSR)
Optical Network – Optical Cross Connects
Both electrical and optical nodes are IP
addressable
Distinctions
No merging
No push and pop
No packet-level processing in data plane
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Optical Burst Switching
Lies in-between Circuit and Packet Switching
One-way notification of burst (not reservation) – can
have collisions and lost packets
Header (control packet) is transmitted on a
wavelength different from that of the payload
The control packet is processed at each node
electronically for resource allocation
Variable length packets (bursts) do not undergo O/E/O
conversions
The burst is not buffered within the ON
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Various OBSs
The schemes differ in the way bandwidth release is
triggered.
In-band-terminator (IBT) – header carries the routing
information, then the payload followed by silence
(needs to be done optically).
Tell-and-go (TAG) – a control packet is sent out to
reserve resources and then the burst is sent without
waiting for acknowledgement. Refresh packets are
sent to keep the path alive.
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Offset-time schemes
Reserve-a-fixed-duration (RFD)
Just Enough Time (JET)
Bandwidth is reserved for a fixed duration (specified
by the control packet) at each switch
Control packet asks for a delayed reservation that is
activated at the time of burst arrival
OBS can provide a convenient way for QoS by
providing extra offset time
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QoS using Offset-Times
Assume two classes of service
Class 1 has higher priority
Class 2 has zero offset time
to1
i
Time
ta1
ta2(= ts2)
ts1
ta2(= ts2)
ts1+ l1
to1
i
Time
ta2(= ts2)
tai = arrival time for class i request
tsi = service time for class i request
ta1
ts2+ l2
ts1
ts1+ l1
toi = offset time for class i request
li = burst length for class i request
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Comparison
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Hierarchical Optical Network
E/O
E/O
E/O
E/O
Optical MAN
E/O
Optical MAN
All O
E/O
OS
OS
All O
OS
E/O
OS
OS
WC
E/O
E/O
E/O
All O
E/O
All O
Optical MAN
E/O
Optical MAN
Optical Core
E/O
E/O
E/O
E/O
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Hierarchical Optical Network
Optical MAN may be
Packet Switched (feasible since lower speeds)
Burst Switched
Sub- circuit switching by wavelength merging
Interfaces boxes are All-Optical and merge
multiple MAN streams into destination-specific
core stream
Relatively static Optical Core
Control distributed to intelligent edge boxes
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Outline
Why Optical?
Intro to Optical Hardware
Three generations of Optical
Various Switching Architectures
Circuit, Packet and Burst
Protection and Restoration
EECS - UC Berkeley
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Link vs Path Protection
For failure times, need to keep available s on backup path
Link: Need to engineer network to provide backup
Path: need to do end-to-end choice of backup path
Normal
Path
Normal
Path
Path
Protection
Backup
Path
Link
Protection
Backup
Path
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Types of Protection
Path protection
Dedicated (1+1) –
send traffic on both
paths
Dedicated (1:1) –
use backup only at
failure
Shared (N:1) – many
normal paths share
common backup
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Link Protection
Dedicated (each is
also reserved on
backup link)
Shared (a on
backup link is shared
between many)
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Restoration
Do not calculate protection path ahead of time
Upon failure, use signalling protocol to generate new
backup path
Time of failover is more
But much more efficient usage of s
Need also to worry about steps to take when the
fault is restored
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Protection and Restoration
Time of action
Path calculation (before or after failure ?)
Channel Assignments (before or after failure ?)
OXC Reconfiguration
AT&T proposal
Calculate Path before failure
Try channel assignment after failure
Simulations show 50% gain over channel
allocation before failure
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Protection Algorithms
Various flavors
Shortest path type
Flow type
ILP (centralized)
Genetic programming
In general, centralized algos are too inefficient
Need distributed algos, and quick signalling
Have seen few algos that take into account the
different node types (LWC/FWC)
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Conclusion
Optical is here to stay
Enormous gains in going optical
O/E/O will soon be the bottleneck
Looking for ingenious solutions
Optical Packet Switching
Flavors of Circuit Switching
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Collective References
“Optical Networks: A practical
perspective” by Rajiv
Ramaswami and Kumar
Sivarajan, Morgan Kaufman.
IEEE JSAC
September 1998 issue
October 2000 issue
IEEE Communications Magazine
March 2000 issue
September 2000 issue
February 2001 issue
March 2001 issue
INFOCOM 2001
‘Optical Networking’ Session
‘WDM and Survivable
Routing’ Session
INFOCOM 200
‘Optical Networks I’ Session
‘Optical Networks II’
Session
RFC 2702 for MPS
www.cs.buffalo.edu/pub/WWW
/faculty/qiao/
www.lightreading.com
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