Transcript Upside down map Sarfati Chess Pix Evolution a religion to replace Christianity? ‘Evolution is promoted by its practitioners as more than mere.

Upside down map
Sarfati
Chess Pix
Evolution a religion to replace Christianity?
‘Evolution is promoted by its practitioners as more than
mere science. Evolution is promulgated as an ideology, a
secular religion—a full-fledged alternative to Christianity,
with meaning and morality. … Evolution is a religion.
This was true of evolution in the beginning, and it is true
of evolution still today. … Evolution therefore came into
being as a kind of secular ideology, an explicit substitute
for Christianity.’
Michael Ruse, professor of philosophy and zoology at the
University of Guelph, Canada, National Post, May 13,
2000, pp. B1,B3,B7.
Lewontin: bias against Creator
Admitting bias against a Creator
‘We take the side of science in spite of the patent
absurdity of some of its constructs, in spite of its failure
to fulfill many of its extravagant promises of health and
life, in spite of the tolerance of the scientific community
for unsubstantiated just-so stories, because we have a
prior commitment, a commitment to materialism….
Moreover, that materialism is absolute, for we cannot
allow a Divine Foot in the door.’
—Richard Lewontin (Prof. of Genetics), ‘Billions
and billions of demons’, The New York Review,
January 9, 1997, p.31.
Lewontin: bias against Creator
Don’t confuse me
with the facts …
‘Even if all the data point to
an intelligent designer, such
an hypothesis is excluded
from science because it is
not naturalistic.’
Kansas State University immunologist Scott Todd,
correspondence to Nature 410(6752):423, 30 Sept. 1999.
Evidence for
Design?
Correct components
Organised correctly
Jumbo jet in a junkyard?
Enormous complexity of
the Cell
Boeing 747
Over 5 million
non-flying parts
Billions of
non-living parts
Feathers and scales
(magnified 20 times)
Scales
Feather
Could feathers evolve?
‘At the morphological level
feathers are traditionally
considered homologous with
reptilian scales. However, in
development, morphogenesis,
gene structure, protein shape
and sequence, and filament
formation and structure,
feathers are different.’
Feather
(magnified 200 times)
A.H. Brush, ‘On the origin of feathers,’
Journal of Evolutionary Biology 9:131–142,
1996.
Bird and reptile lungs
Bird and reptile lungs
Bat sonar
‘Bat sonar is so much better than anything devised
by human technology that the little creatures seem
to enjoy rubbing it in.’
‘Bats put technology to shame’. Cincinnati Enquirer, 13 October, 1998.
Man-made sonar can distinguish echoes 12 millionths of a second apart,
although with ‘a lot of work this can be cut to 6 millionths to 8 millionths of
a second. … Bats do 2 to 3 (millionths of a second) relatively easily.
That’s the part that’s a little distressing.’
James Simmons of Brown University, ‘Cincinnati Enquirer, 13 October,
1998.
Simmons et al., ‘Echo-delay resolution in sonar images of the big brown
bat, Eptesicus fuscus’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science
USA, 95(21): 12647–12652, 13 October, 1998.
Bats:
No evolution!
‘The oldest bat fossils, belonging to an extinct lineage, were
unearthed from rocks about 54 million years old, but the
creatures that they represent aren’t dramatically different
from living bats, says Mark S. Springer, an evolutionary
biologist at the University of California, Riverside.
‘Hallmark features of these creatures include the elongated
fingers that support the wing membranes and the extensive
coiling of bony structures in the inner ears, a sign that they
were capable of detecting the high-frequency chirps used in
echolocation.’
Perkins, S., Learning to listen: How some vertebrates evolved biological sonar,
Science News 167(20):314, 14 May 2005.
Bat sonar:
Volume control
Echoes become louder as the bats hone in
on target
Why are bats not deafened by their own
clicks?
Time-varying gain control, like man-made
sonars!
Hearing sensitivity reduces as bat gets closer
Coordination of stapedius muscle with larynx
muscles
hold stapes (stirrup) bone tight just before a click,
then relaxes in 10 millisec
Dolphin sonar
 Can detect a fish the
size of a golf ball 230
feet away
 ‘Click’ pattern is
mathematically
designed to give the
best information
 Melon: sound lens
 How do dolphins avoid
deafness?
 Automatic system
that reduces pulse
intensity as dolphin
approaches
Dolphin sonar: no evolution!
‘The ancestors
of today’s
dolphins had an
ear structure
that suggests
that they could
echolocate as
well as their
modern relatives
can.’
Perkins, S., Learning to listen: How some vertebrates evolved
biological sonar, Science News 167(20):314, 14 May 2005.
Gecko’s sticky feet
Magnifying
Designing such a structure is ‘beyond the limits of human
technology, …
‘natural technology of gecko foot hairs can provide biological
inspiration for future design of a remarkably effective adhesive’.
Kellar Autumn et al., Adhesive force of a single gecko foot hair, Nature
405(6787):681–5, 8 June 2000.
Lobster’s unique eye
Reflector
units
Retina
•Reflective v. refractive focus
•Square v. hexagonal facets
X-ray beam:
Lobster eye in reverse!
Brittlestars
Entire skeleton forms one big compound eye
Joanna Aizenberg,
lead researcher
‘This study shows how great
materials can be formed by
nature, far beyond current
technology. In general, arrays
of microlenses are something
that technology tried a couple
of years ago. Nobody knew
something like that already
existed in nature.’
Aizenberg et al., Calcitic microlenses as part of the photoreceptor
system in brittlestars, Nature 412(6849):819–822, 2001.
Venus flower basket
Superb fibre-optics
‘We’re in the stone age
compared to nature.’
‘If we can learn from
nature, there may be an
alternative way to
manufacture fiber in the
future.’
Aizenberg et al., Fibre-optical properties of a glass sponge, Nature
424(6951):899–900, 21 August 2003.
More design
 Trilobite eye: looks like it was ‘designed by a master
physicist’. Allegedly 500 million years old.
 Dragonflies track other insects so that they appear
stationary. An aeroplane would need bulky computer
equipment to do that.
 Spider silk: stronger by weight than steel and kevlar.
Made by liquid crystal technology.
 Ant and bee feet: stick to surfaces with ingenious
mechanical/hydraulic system.
 Chameleon tongue: catapult and suction cap
 Ear of tiny fly: inspired design of directional hearing
aid.
 Owl hearing: uses neurons that work like a
microprocessor.
Bad design?
No way!
Do we have all the information?
 Panda’s thumb: excellent tool for stripping leaves
off bamboo shoots
 Junk DNA? Lots of uses discovered — may be
part of an advanced operating system
 Human spine: lordosis (inward curve) is an
advantage — we can support more weight for our
size than a gorilla. Modern McKenzie back
exercises restore lordosis.
 Appendix: lymphatic tissue, fights infection,
especially in neonatal stage
Loss of information since the Fall.
 Wingless insects on windswept islands
 Fish in dark caves with shrivelled eyes.
Backwardly
wired?
Backwardly wired eye?
Poor design of
the Eye?
‘Any
‘Theengineer
wire has would
to travel
naturally
over the
assume
surfacethat
of the
the retina
photocells
to a
would
point where
point towards
it dives through
the light,awith
holetheir
in the
wires
retina
leading
(the sobackwards
called ‘blind
towards
spot’) to
thejoin
brain.
the optic
He would
nerve.
laugh
Thisatmeans
any that
suggestion
the light, instead
that the
ofphotocells
being granted
might
anpoint
unrestricted
away, from
passage
the
light,
to thewith
photocells,
their wires
hasdeparting
to pass through
on the side
a forest
nearest
of connecting
the
light.
wires,Yet
presumably
this is exactly
suffering
what at
happens
least some
in allattenuation
vertebrate and
retinas.
distortion
Each
(actually,
photocell
probably
is, in effect,
not much
wired
but,
in still,
backwards,
it is the
with
principle
its wire
of sticking
the thingout
thatonwould
the side
offend
nearest
any tidy-minded
the light.
engineer).’
C.R. Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, 1986
Backwardly
wired?
Backwardly wired eye?
Müller cells: living optical fibres
Müller cells: living optical fibres
‘Individual Müller
cells act as
optical fibers …
reminiscent of
fiber-optic plates
used for lowdistortion image
transfer.
Franze et al., Müller cells
are living optical fibers in
the vertebrate retina, Proc.
National Academy of
Sciences USA, May 2007.
Blind spot in evolution!
Nerve cells
Swimming Bacteria
Screw Propeller
Flagellum animation
From <www.arn.org/docs/mm/flag_dithani.htm>
Protonic NanoMachine, Project ERATO, JST
Nature’s Constant Velocity Joint
Permission is given to use this resource, or portions thereof, in websites or presentations provided the source,
proteinexplorer.org, is cited.
Could the flagellum have evolved?
Kenneth Miller, Richard Dawkins: evolved
from type-III secretory apparatus (TTSS)
Scott Minnich, world expert on flagellum,
argues that TTSS must have devolved
from flagellum, if one did arise from
other.
Flagellum assembly machinery pumps out
proteins in precise order; devolved machinery
pumps out proteins (toxins) in more
haphazard way.
Could the flagellum have evolved?
Evolutionary experts also disagree with
Miller and Dawkins!
 ‘It seems plausible that the original type III secretion
system for virulence factors evolved from those for
flagellar assembly.’ [Mecsas, J., and Strauss, E.J., Molecular
Mechanisms of Bacterial Virulence: Type III Secretion and Pathogenicity
Islands, Emerging Infectious Diseases 2(4), October–December 1996]
 ‘We suggest that the flagellar apparatus was the
evolutionary precursor of Type III protein secretion
systems.’ [Nguyen L. et al., Phylogenetic analyses of the constituents
of Type III protein secretion systems, J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
2(2):125–44, April 2000]
 Evolution: liquid came before complex life.
 So smimming gear had to precede parasitism.
The most complex
information storage
mechanism in the
universe
The DNA
molecule
DNA colour
DNA base pairing
DNA - Help
Sir Karl Popper on the
origin of the genetic code
‘What
makes the origin
of life and
of the genetic
code
a
‘This constitutes
a baffling
circle;
a really
vicious
disturbing
riddle isfor
this:
theattempt
genetic code
is without
any or
circle, it seems,
any
to form
a model
biological
unlessof
it is
translated;
is, unless it
theory offunction
the genesis
the
genetic that
code.
leads
themay
synthesis
of thewith
proteins
whose structure
laid
‘Thustowe
be faced
the possibility
that isthe
down by the code. But ... the machinery by which the cell …
origin
of life
(like consists
the origin
physics)
becomes an
translates
the code
of atofleast
fifty macromolecular
impenetrable
barrier
to science, coded
and a in
residue
to all
components which
are themselves
the DNA.
attempts
to reduce
to chemistry
Thus the code
can not biology
be translated
except by and
using certain
physics.’
products of its translation.’
Popper, K.R., 1974. Scientific Reduction and the Essential
Incompleteness of All Science. In Ayala, F. and Dobzhansky, T., eds.,
Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, University of California Press,
Berkeley, p. 270; emphasis added.
Evolutionary tree of life
Breeding of dogs―sorting pre-existing information!
X
male
female
Natural selection reduces information!
X X X
X
male
female
Result: loss of genes for short and medium length hair
Dogs do change…
…into different dogs!
’After their kind’—Genesis 1
Information specifies living things
Mutations: bulldog’s face
‘TNR’ mutant
Mutations reduce
information!
‘All point mutations
that have been
studied on a
molecular level turn
out to reduce the
genetic information
and not increase it.’
Dr Lee Spetner*, Not by Chance, The Judaica Press, NY, p 138, 1997
*bio-informatics expert
No Mutations seen
to add information!
‘Not even one
mutation has been
observed that adds
a little information
to the genome.’
Dr Lee Spetner*, Not by Chance, The Judaica Press, NY, p 138, 1997
*bio-informatics expert
Professor Dawkins
lost for words!
Clip from:
“Professor Dawkins, can you give an example of a genetic
mutation or an evolutionary process which can be seen to
EVOLUTION
HAS BEEN
OBSERVED?
‘Evolution has been observed.
It's just that it hasn't been
observed while it's
happening.’
‘Battle over evolution’ Bill Moyers interviews Richard Dawkins on ‘Now’, 3 December
2004, PBS network. (www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript349_full.html#dawkins)
Similarity due to a common designer
Ichthyosaur—a reptile
Shark
Killer whale—a mammal
Designed to thwart naturalism!
Placental mammals
Wolf
(Canis)
Marsupial mammals
Tasmanian wolf
(Thylacinus)
Native cat
(Dasyurus)
Ocelot
(Felis)
Flying phalanger
(Petaurus)
Flying squirrel
(Glaucomys)
Designed to thwart naturalism!
Placental mammals
Ground hog
(Marmota)
Anteater
(Myrmecophaga)
Mole
(Talpa)
Mouse
(Mus)
Marsupial mammals
Wombat
(Phascolomys)
Anteater
(Myrmecobius)
Mole
(Notoryctes)
Mouse
(Dasycercus)
Human and frog
digit development
 Humans: programmed
cell death (apoptosis)
divides the ridge into five
regions that then develop
into digits (fingers and
toes)
[after Sadler, T.W., ed., Langman’s
Medical Embryology, 7th Ed., Williams
and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
pp. 154–157, 1995].
Frogs: the digits grow
outwards from buds as
cells divide
[after Tyler, M.J., Australian Frogs: a
natural history, Reed New Holland,
Sydney, Australia, p. 80, 1999].
Haeckel’s
FRAUDULENT
drawings
Haeckel’s
embryoembryo
drawings
Haeckel forged embryo drawings!
Actual photos
Photos from Richardson et al.
Fetal scan
Spontaneous generation:
Accepted by faith … (Yockey)
‘Research on the origin of life seems to be unique in
that the conclusion has already been authoritatively
accepted … . What remains to be done is to find the
scenarios which describe the detailed mechanisms
and processes by which this happened.
One must conclude that, contrary to the established
and current wisdom a scenario describing the genesis
of life on earth by chance and natural causes which
can be accepted on the basis of fact and not faith has
not yet been written.’
Yockey, H.P., A calculation of the probability of spontaneous
biogenesis by information theory, Journal of Theoretical Biology,
67:377–398, 1977; quotes from pp. 379, 396.
Requirements of first life
 Reproduction: transmitting information to next
generation
 Prerequisite for natural selection
 So natural selection can’t explain origin of first life
 Metabolism: using energy
 Simplest cell: Mycoplasma genitalium, 482 genes,
580,000 DNA ‘letters’
 obligate parasite, arose by loss of information
 Minimum genome: 387 protein-coding and 43 RNAcoding genes (Nature 439, 246–247, 19 Jan 2006)
 cell probably too weak to survive
Enormous complexity of
the Cell
Michael Denton on the Cell
To grasp the reality of life as it
has been revealed by molecular
biology, we must magnify a cell a
thousand million times until it is
twenty kilometres in diameter
and resembles a giant airship
large enough to cover a great
city like London or New York.
What we would then see would
be an object of unparalleled
complexity and adaptive
design. … we would find
ourselves in a world of supreme
technology and bewildering
complexity.
Denton, M., Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Adler and Adler, Maryland, p. 328, 1986.
<http://www.tcd.ie/Biochemistry/IUBMB-Nicholson/atpase.html>
Origin of LifeProbabilities
 1080 atoms in the Universe
 1012 atomic interactions per second
 1018 seconds in the Universe, according to the fallacious big
bang theory 10110 interactions possible.
 20 amino acid letters
 256 enzymes for the simplest possible life
 10 conserved amino acids on average
  chance is 1 in (2010)387 = 20–3870 = 10–3870.log20 = 10–5035
 Like guessing the correct 5000-digit PIN!
 Calmodulin: 142/143 amino acids conserved: 20–142 = 10–185
Sir Fred Hoyle:
Rubik’s Cubes and Blind Men
Imagine 1050 blind
persons each with a
scrambled Rubik cube,
and try to conceive of
the chance of them all
simultaneously arriving
at the solved form. You
then have the chance of
arriving by random
shuffling of just one of
the many biopolymers
on which life depends.
Hoyle, Sir Fred, ‘The Big Bang in Astronomy’, New Scientist 92:521–527, 19 November 1981
Sir Fred Hoyle:
Rubik’s Cubes and Blind Men
The notion that not only
the biopolymers but the
operating program of a
living cell could be
arrived at by chance in
a primordial organic
soup here on the Earth
is evidently nonsense of
a high order.
Hoyle, Sir Fred, ‘The Big Bang in Astronomy’, New Scientist 92:521–527, 19 November 1981
Miller–Urey experiment (1953)
Miller–Urey experiment (1953)
Input
Chamber
Water
Vapor
Forms
Spark
Chamber
Condenser
Miller-Urey experiment (1953)
Reducing atmosphere
CH4 + NH3 + H2
Oxygen prevents amino
acids forming, and
destroys any that are
around
Evidence from U/Th for
oxygen ‘3.7 Ga’,
December 2004.
Miller-Urey experiment (1953)
 Trap isolates products from
destructive energy source
 No oxygen means no ozone
 Far more UV at destructive
wavelengths than constructive
 Destruction is far more efficient
than construction (105 times)
 UV penetrates 10s of metres of
water—you can get sunburnt
while swimming!
 Trap is unacceptable level of
investigator interference
Miller-Urey experiment (1953)
 Evidence for chemical
evolution?
 Yes, in a sense—amino acids
produced
 Evidence against chemical
evolution?
 Also yes, in a sense—under
such conditions, amino acids
produced in tiny traces, grossly
contaminated and racemic.
 Distinguish between data and
interpretation!
Amino acids to proteins
Tendency for
large molecules
to break down
in water
Chain termination by
unifunctional compounds
Ethylamine
Chain terminated!
Chain termination by
unifunctional compounds
Acetic acid
Chain terminated!
Left- and right-handed amino acids
Homochirality
Homochiral amino acids essential
for enzymes to work
Homochiral sugars for helical
structure of DNA to form, and thus
stored information
Wrong form terminates chain of
RNA polymerization
Enzymes
 Speed up reactions by many orders of magnitude
 Requires certain precise sequences
 One reaction ‘absolutely essential’ in making the
building blocks of DNA and RNA would take 78
million years in water, but a vital enzyme speeds
it up 1018 times
 Phosphatase speeds up reactions vital for cell
signalling by 1021 times. Allows essential
reactions to take place in a hundredth of a
second; without it, it would take a trillion years!
Sarfati, J., World Record Enzymes, Journal of Creation 19(2):13, 2005.
Enzymes
‘Without catalysts, there would be no life at
all, from microbes to humans. It makes you
wonder how natural selection operated in
such a way as to produce a protein that got
off the ground as a primitive catalyst for such
an extraordinarily slow reaction.’
Richard Wolfenden, Life Science News,
<http://news.biocompare.com/newsstory.asp?id=10433>, 5 May 2003.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 100(10):5607–5610,
13 May 2003.
Chaperones and chaperonins
Required to
fold correctly.
How did the
first
chaperonins
fold correctly
without preexisting
chaperonins?
<origins.swau.edu/papers/complexity/trilo/gifs/chaperonin.html>
Address tags
Günter Blobel
Nobel Prize 1999
 Proteins have
“address labels”—
amino acid chains
 This is how they
find their way to
right place in cell
Primitive Soup:
Failed paradigm … (Yockey)
‘Nevertheless,
order to make
progress inwas
‘Although
at theinbeginning
the paradigm
science,
it is necessary
to clear
the decks,
worth
consideration,
now
the entire
effortsointo
speak, of failed paradigms. This must be done
the
primeval
soup the
paradigm
is self-deception
even
if this leaves
decks entirely
clear and
nothe
paradigms
… Belief in a…
primeval
on
ideologysurvive.
of its champions.
’
soup on the grounds that no other paradigm is
available is an example of the logical fallacy of
the false alternative. In science it is a virtue to
acknowledge ignorance. … There is no reason
that this should be different in the research on
the origin of life.’
Yockey, H.P., Information Theory and Molecular Biology, Cambridge
University Press, UK, p. 336, 1992.
If I could synthesize life…3
DVD with
Dr Jonathan Sarfati
The Wonders of Water
•
•
•
•
•
•
High specific heat
Enormous latent heat
High surface tension
Super solvent
Hydrogen bonding
Transition between two
types at body
temperature 37ºC
The Sun: Our Special Star
• Top 10% (by mass) of all
local stars
• If cooler, Earth would
have to be so close that it
would be tidally locked
• If hotter, it would emit too
much energetic radiation
• Exceptionally stable for
stars of its type
• Ideal place in the
galaxy—co-rotation
radius
http://www.answersingenesis.org/sun
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A creationist cosmology in a galactocentric universe
Did a jaw muscle protein mutation lead to increased cranial capacity in man?
Origin of Life: The Chirality Problem
Design in living organisms (motors)
Post-Flood volcanism on the Banks Peninsula, New Zealand
Eroded Appalachian Mountain siliciclastics as a source for the Navajo Sandstone
Granite grain size: not a problem for rapid cooling of plutons
Manual dexterity in Neandertals
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forum for
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Darwin’s Black Box