Transcript Chapter 5 Lecture Building Healthy Relationships and Understanding Sexuality © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. LEARNING OUTCOMES • Identify the characteristics of successful relationships, including how to maintain them.

Chapter 5 Lecture
Building Healthy
Relationships
and
Understanding
Sexuality
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Identify the characteristics of successful relationships,
including how to maintain them and overcome common
barriers.
• Discuss ways to improve communication skills and
interpersonal interactions.
• Compare and contrast the different types of committed
relationships.
• Describe the demographic trends related to remaining
single.
• Examine factors that affect the decision of when or
whether to have children.
• Discuss issues that influence the success of an intimate
relationship, reasons why relationships end, and how to
cope when they do.
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LEARNING OUTCOMES (cont.)
• Define sexual identity, and discuss its major
components, including biology, gender identity,
gender roles, and sexual orientation.
• Identify major features and functions of sexual
anatomy and physiology and explain the nature
of the human sexual response.
• Describe the varieties of sexual expression.
• Classify sexual dysfunctions, and describe major
disorders.
• Discuss the impact of drugs on sexual behavior.
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Intimate Relationships
• Intimate relationships are those with family
members, close friends, and romantic partners,
characterized by
– Behavioral interdependence
– Need fulfillment
– Emotional attachment
– Emotional availability
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Intimate Relationships (cont.)
• Through relationships, we fulfill our needs for
– Intimacy
– Social integration
– Nurturance
– Assistance
– Affirmation
• People with positive, fulfilling relationships are
50 percent more likely to survive over time than
are people in poor relationships.
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How Intimate Is a Relationship?
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Relating to Yourself
• Two concepts are important to any good relationship.
– Accountability: both partners are responsible for
their own decisions, choices, and actions.
– Self-nurturance: The development of individual
potential through a balanced and realistic
appreciation of self-worth and ability
• Self-esteem and self-acceptance are important factors
that affect your ability to nurture yourself and to maintain
healthy relationships with others, and include the way
you define yourself (self-concept).
• Your perception and acceptance of yourself influences
your relationship choices.
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Family Relationships
• Family is a group of people with roles, tasks,
boundaries, and personalities, whose central
focus is to protect, care for, love, and socialize
with one another.
• Family of Origin
– The people present in our household our first
years of life—usually parents and siblings
– From these people we initially learn about
feelings, problem solving, love, intimacy, and
gender roles.
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Friendships
• People in healthy friendships should do the
following:
– Understand the roles and boundaries within
the friendship.
– Communicate their understandings, needs,
expectations, limitations, and affections.
– Have a sense of equity in which they share
confidences and contribute fairly and equally
to maintaining the friendship.
– Consistently try to give as much as they get
back from interactions.
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Romantic Relationships
• Romantic relationships typically include all the
characteristics of a friendship, as well as
– Fascination
– Exclusiveness
– Sexual desire
– Giving the utmost
– Being the champion or advocate
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Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
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Theories of Love
• Anthropologist H. Fisher and others theorize
love and attraction are based on brain circuitry
and chemistry.
– Imprinting
– Attraction
– Attachment
– Production of a "cuddle chemical" called
oxytocin
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Choosing a Romantic Partner
– Proximity—being in the same place at the
same time
– Similarities—"opposites attract" usually isn't
true
– Reciprocity—react with mutual regard
– Physical attraction
• Men tend to be attracted primarily to youth and
beauty.
• Women tend to be attracted to older mates who
are financially stable.
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Communicating: A Key to Good
Relationships
• Learning Appropriate Self-Disclosure
– Get to know yourself.
– Become more accepting of yourself.
– Be willing to discuss your sexual history.
– Choose a safe context for self disclosure.
– Be thoughtful about self-disclosure via social
media.
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Communicating: A Key to Good
Relationships (cont.)
• Becoming a Better Listener
– We listen best when
• We believe that the message is somehow
important and relevant to us.
• The speaker holds our attention through humor,
dramatic effect, use of media, or other techniques.
• We are in the mood to listen (free of distractions
and worries).
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He Says/She Says
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Communicating: A Key to Good
Relationships (cont.)
• Using Nonverbal Communication
– Touch
– Gestures
– Interpersonal space
– Facial expression
– Body language
– Tone of voice
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Managing Conflict through Communication
•
•
•
•
•
•
Identify the problem or issues.
Generate several possible solutions.
Evaluate the alternative solutions.
Decide on the best solution.
Implement the solution.
Follow up.
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Committed Relationships
• Marriage
– Monogamy—exclusive sexual involvement with one
partner
– Serial monogamy—a monogamous sexual
relationship with one partner before moving on to the
next monogamous relationship
– Open relationships—partners agree that there may
be sexual involvement for each person outside of the
marriage
• Cohabitation
– A relationship in which two unmarried people live with
an intimate connection together in the same
household
• Common-law marriage
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Marital Status of the U.S. Population by Sex
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Types of Committed Relationships (cont.)
• Gay and Lesbian Partnerships
– The American Community Survey identified
646,000 same-sex couples.
– Twenty percent of these couples are married.
• Staying Single
– Of women aged 20 to 34, 54 percent have
never been married according to data from
the most recent census.
– Of men aged 20 to 34, 64 percent remain
unmarried.
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Choosing Whether to Have Children
– Relationships change when a couple decides to have
children.
– Resources and attention are split.
– Existing stressors in a relationship are further
accentuated when parenting is added to existing
responsibilities.
• Having a child is not a cure for a bad relationship.
– Blended families are the most common family unit.
– Over 28 percent of children were living in families
headed by a man or woman alone in 2012.
– Those other than heterosexual couples are now
parenting.
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Common Parenting Styles
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When Relationships Falter
• Broken relationships usually begin with a
change in communication.
• If a partner changes the amount of time spent
together without seeking the understanding of
the other, it might be a sign of hidden problems.
• In troubled relationships, honest and verbal
affection can be used to cover up irresponsible
or hurtful behavior.
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Confronting Couples Issues
• Jealousy in Relationships
– An aversive reaction evoked by a real or imagined
relationship involving one's partner and a third person
• Changing Gender Roles
– Our modern society has very few gender-specific
roles.
• Sharing Power
– Power dynamics between women and men have
shifted.
– Compared to their husbands, 22 percent of women
have higher incomes and 81 percent have a higher or
equal education level.
• Unmet Expectations
– Partners in healthy relationships can communicate
wants and needs and have healthy discussions when
things aren't going as planned.
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Healthy vs. Unhealthy Relationships
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When and Why Relationships End
• Why do relationships end? Reasons include
– Illness
– Financial concerns
– Career problems
– Personal conflicts
– Unmet expectations
– Difference in sexual needs
– Conflict, negative interactions, and lack of
respect
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Coping with Failed Relationships
• Acknowledge that you've gone through a rough
spot.
• Let go of negative thought patterns.
• Explore the new person you want to be while
reconnecting with your old self.
• Make a promise to yourself: no new relationship
until you have moved past the last one.
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Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology
• Sexual identity is the recognition of oneself as
a sexual being and is determined by a complex
interaction of factors.
– All eggs carry an X chromosome.
– Sperm carry an X or a Y chromosome.
• A Y sperm results in a male embryo; an X sperm
results in a female embryo.
• Intersexuality occurs when chromosomes are
added, lost, or rearranged, and the sex of the
offspring is not clear.
• Male gonads are the testes; female gonads are the
ovaries.
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Your Sexual Identity: More Than Biology
(cont.)
• Sex hormones play a major role in puberty.
– Male hormone—testosterone
– Female hormone—estrogen, progesterone
– Pituitary gland—gonadotropin
– Secondary sex characteristics
• Gender: The psychological condition of being feminine
or masculine as defined by the society in which one lives
– Gender roles
– Gender-role stereotyping
– Androgyny
– Gender identity
– Transgendered
– Transsexual
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Sexual Orientation
• A person's enduring emotional, romantic, sexual,
or affectionate attraction to other persons
– Heterosexual
– Homosexual
– Bisexual
• Gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons are often
targets of hate crimes, discrimination, and
hostility.
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ABC News Video: Celebrities Coming
Out, Casually
Discussion Questions
• How do you feel about knowing intimate details of
celebrities' lives? Is our obsession with the personal
details of celebrities largely beneficial or negative?
Provide examples in your discussion.
• Discuss how knowing celebrities' personal choices and
decisions impact and foster a community of young
people who are more accepting of differences.
• Name two to three historical events that have helped
shape the acceptance of LGBTQ individuals in the past
10-15 years.
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Female Reproductive System
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Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
• The Onset of Puberty and the Menstrual
Cycle
– Hypothalamus
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
– Luteinizing hormone (LH)
» Ovaries produce estrogens and progesterone
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Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
(cont.)
• Menarche
– First menstrual period
– Generally between ages 9 and 17
– Body fat influences onset of puberty.
• Menstrual Cycle
– Usually 28 days long
– Proliferative, secretory, and menstrual phases
• Menstrual Problems
– Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
– Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
– Dysmenorrhea
– Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
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Hormonal Control and Phases of the
Menstrual Cycle
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Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
• Menopause
– It is the permanent cessation of menstruation.
– It generally occurs between ages 40 and 60.
– Menopause is accompanied by decreased
vaginal lubrication, hot flashes, headaches,
dizziness, and joint pain.
– Onset symptoms can be ameliorated by
hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
– Results from the Women's Health Initiative
(WHI) suggest that hormone therapy may
actually do more harm than good.
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Male Reproductive System
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Human Sexual Response
• Regardless of the type of sexual activity (partner
or self-stimulation), the response stages are the
same and include
– Excitement/arousal—vasocongestion
– Plateau phase—nipples and penis erect
– Orgasmic phase—muscles contract
– Resolution phase—profound relaxation
– Refractory period—genital organs return to
their pre-arousal state
• Men and women experience the same stages,
but length of time spent in any one stage varies.
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Expressing Your Sexuality
Sexual Behavior: What Is "Normal"?
• Some common sociocultural standards for
sexual behavior commonly held in Western
culture today include the following:
– The coital standard
– The orgasmic standard
– The two-person standard
– The romantic standard
– The safer sex standard
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Options for Sexual Expression
• Celibacy—avoidance or abstention from sex
• Autoerotic behaviors—sexual fantasy and
masturbation
• Kissing and erotic touching—erogenous zones
• Manual stimulation—use of sex toys
• Oral-genital stimulation
– Cunnilingus—oral stimulation of the female's
genitals
– Fellatio—oral stimulation of the male's genitals
• Vaginal intercourse—insertion of the penis into the
vagina
• Anal intercourse—insertion of the penis into the anus
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Responsible and Satisfying Sexual Behavior
• Healthy and responsible sexuality includes
– Good communication as the foundation
– Acknowledging that you are a sexual person
– Understanding the sexual structures and their
functions
– Accepting and embracing your gender
identity and your sexual orientation
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Variant Sexual Behavior
• Variant sexual behavior describes sexual
behaviors that most people do not engage in.
These include
– Group sex
– Transvestism
– Fetishism
– Exhibitionism
– Voyeurism
– Sadomasochism
– Pedophilia
– Autoerotic asphyxiation
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Types of Sexual Dysfunction
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Sexual Dysfunction
• The reproductive system, like other body
systems, can malfunction.
• Causes may overlap and can include the
following:
– Biological/medical factors
– Substance-induced factors
– Psychological factors
– Social context factors
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Drugs and Sex
• Alcohol can inhibit sexual response.
– An increasing number of young men are
experimenting with the recreational use of
drugs to treat erectile dysfunction.
• Viagra
• Cialis
• Levitra
– "Date rape" drugs are a growing concern.
• Good sex should not depend on chemical
substances.
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