Transcript INDICATORS & pH CURVES A guide for A level students PHENOLPHTHALEIN LITMUS METHYL ORANGE KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING SPECIFICATIONS.

INDICATORS &
pH CURVES
A guide for A level students
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
LITMUS
METHYL ORANGE
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING
2015
SPECIFICATIONS
Indicators
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand
selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of
the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may
be used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is available.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available
from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm
Navigation is achieved by...
either
or
clicking on the grey arrows at the foot of each page
using the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard
Indicators
CONTENTS
• Acid-base indicators - theory
• Titration curves - introduction
• Titration curve; strong acid - strong base
• Titration curve; strong acid - weak base
• Titration curve; weak acid - strong base
• Titration curve; weak acid - weak base
• Titration curve; acid - carbonate
• Titration curve; phosphoric acid
• Check list
Acid-base indicators
General
Many indicators are weak acids and partially dissociate in aqueous solution
HIn(aq)
H+(aq) + In¯(aq)
The un-ionised form (HIn) is a different colour to the anionic form (In¯).
Acid-base indicators
General
Many indicators are weak acids and partially dissociate in aqueous solution
HIn(aq)
H+(aq) + In¯(aq)
The un-ionised form (HIn) is a different colour to the anionic form (In¯).
Apply Le Chatelier’s Principle to predict any colour change
In acid
- increase of [H+]
- equilibrium moves to the left to give red undissociated form
In alkali - increase of [OH¯]
- OH¯ ions remove H+ ions to form water;
H+(aq) + OH¯(aq)
- equilibrium will move to the right to produce a blue colour
H2O(l)
Acid-base indicators
General
Many indicators are weak acids and partially dissociate in aqueous solution
HIn(aq)
H+(aq) + In¯(aq)
The un-ionised form (HIn) is a different colour to the anionic form (In¯).
Apply Le Chatelier’s Principle to predict any colour change
In acid
- increase of [H+]
- equilibrium moves to the left to give red undissociated form
In alkali - increase of [OH¯]
- OH¯ ions remove H+ ions to form water;
H+(aq) + OH¯(aq)
- equilibrium will move to the right to produce a blue colour
Summary
In acidic solution
HIn(aq)
H+(aq) + In¯(aq)
In alkaline solution
H2O(l)
Acid-base indicators
Must have an easily observed colour change.
Must change immediately in the required pH range
over the addition of ‘half’ a drop of reagent.
COLOUR CHANGES OF SOME COMMON INDICATORS
pH
METHYL ORANGE
LITMUS
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CHANGE
CHANGE
CHANGE
11
12
13
14
Acid-base indicators
Must have an easily observed colour change.
Must change immediately in the required pH range
over the addition of ‘half’ a drop of reagent.
To be useful, an indicator must
change over the “vertical” section
of the curve where there is a large
change in pH for the addition of a
very small volume of alkali.
The indicator used depends on
the pH changes around the end
point - the indicator must change
during the ‘vertical’ portion of the
curve.
In the example, the only suitable
indicator is PHENOLPHTHALEIN.
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
LITMUS
METHYL ORANGE
pH curves
Types
There are four types of acid-base titration; each has a characteristic curve.
strong acid (HCl) v. strong base (NaOH)
weak acid (CH3COOH) v. strong alkali (NaOH)
strong acid (HCl) v. weak base (NH3)
weak acid (CH3COOH) v. weak base (NH3)
In the following examples, alkali (0.1M) is added to 25cm3 of acid (0.1M)
End points need not be “neutral‘ due to the phenomenon of salt hydrolysis
strong acid (HCl) v. strong base (NaOH)
strong acid (HCl) v. strong base (NaOH)
pH 1 at the start
due to 0.1M HCl
(strong
monoprotic acid)
strong acid (HCl) v. strong base (NaOH)
Very little pH change
during the initial 20cm3
pH 1 at the start
due to 0.1M HCl
(strong
monoprotic acid)
strong acid (HCl) v. strong base (NaOH)
Very sharp change in pH
over the addition of less
than half a drop of NaOH
Very little pH change
during the initial 20cm3
pH 1 at the start
due to 0.1M HCl
(strong
monoprotic acid)
strong acid (HCl) v. strong base (NaOH)
Curve levels off at pH 13
due to excess 0.1M NaOH
(a strong alkali)
Very sharp change in pH
over the addition of less
than half a drop of NaOH
Very little pH change
during the initial 20cm3
pH 1 at the start
due to 0.1M HCl
(strong
monoprotic acid)
strong acid (HCl) v. strong base (NaOH)
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
LITMUS
METHYL ORANGE
Any of the indicators listed will be suitable - they all change in the ‘vertical’ portion
strong acid (HCl) v. weak base (NH3)
Curve levels off at pH 10
due to excess 0.1M NH3
(a weak alkali)
Sharp change in pH over
the addition of less than
half a drop of NH3
pH 1 at the start
due to 0.1M HCl
Very little pH change
during the initial 20cm3
strong acid (HCl) v. weak base (NH3)
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
LITMUS
METHYL ORANGE
Only methyl orange is suitable - it is the only one to change in the ‘vertical’ portion
weak acid (CH3COOH) v. strong base (NaOH)
Curve levels off at pH 13
due to excess 0.1M NaOH
(a strong alkali)
Sharp change in pH over
the addition of less than
half a drop of NaOH
Steady pH change
pH 4 due to 0.1M
CH3COOH (weak
monoprotic acid)
weak acid (CH3COOH) v. strong base (NaOH)
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
LITMUS
METHYL ORANGE
Only phenolphthalein is suitable - it is the only one to change in the ‘vertical’ portion
weak acid (CH3COOH) v. weak base (NH3)
Curve levels off at pH 10
due to excess 0.1M NH3
(a weak alkali)
Steady pH change
pH 4 due to 0.1M
CH3COOH (weak
monoprotic acid)
Types
NO SHARP
CHANGE IN pH
weak acid (CH3COOH) v. weak base (NH3)
PHENOLPHTHALEIN
LITMUS
METHYL ORANGE
NOTHING SUITABLE
There is no suitable indicator- none change in the ‘vertical’ portion.
The end point can be detected by plotting a curve using a pH meter.
Other pH curves - acid v. carbonate
Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid in two steps...
Step 1
Na2CO3 + HCl ——> NaHCO3 + NaCl
Step 2
NaHCO3 + HCl ——> NaCl + H2O + CO2
Overall
Na2CO3 + 2HCl ——> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
Other pH curves - acid v. carbonate
Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid in two steps...
Step 1
Na2CO3 + HCl ——> NaHCO3 + NaCl
Step 2
NaHCO3 + HCl ——> NaCl + H2O + CO2
Overall
Na2CO3 + 2HCl ——> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
There are two sharp pH changes
The second addition of HCl is exactly
the same as the first because the
number of moles of HCl which react
with the NaHCO3 is the same as that
reacting with the Na2CO3.
17.50cm3
35.00cm3
Other pH curves - acid v. carbonate
Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid in two steps...
Step 1
Na2CO3 + HCl ——> NaHCO3 + NaCl
Step 2
NaHCO3 + HCl ——> NaCl + H2O + CO2
Overall
Na2CO3 + 2HCl ——> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
There are two sharp pH changes
First rapid pH change around pH = 8.5
due to the formation of NaHCO3 .
Can be detected using phenolphthalein
Other pH curves - acid v. carbonate
Sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid in two steps...
Step 1
Na2CO3 + HCl ——> NaHCO3 + NaCl
Step 2
NaHCO3 + HCl ——> NaCl + H2O + CO2
Overall
Na2CO3 + 2HCl ——> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
There are two sharp pH changes
First rapid pH change around pH = 8.5
due to the formation of NaHCO3 .
Can be detected using phenolphthalein
Second rapid pH change around pH = 4
due to the formation of acidic CO2 .
Can be detected using methyl orange.
Other pH curves - polyprotic acids (H3PO4)
Phosphoric acid is triprotic; it reacts with sodium hydroxide in three steps...
——>
NaH2PO4
NaH2PO4 + NaOH
——>
Na2HPO4 + H2O
Na2HPO4 + NaOH
——>
Na3PO4 + H2O
Step 1
H3PO4
Step 2
Step 3
+ NaOH
+ H2O
Other pH curves - polyprotic acids (H3PO4)
Phosphoric acid is triprotic; it reacts with sodium hydroxide in three steps...
——>
NaH2PO4
NaH2PO4 + NaOH
——>
Na2HPO4 + H2O
Na2HPO4 + NaOH
——>
Na3PO4 + H2O
Step 1
H3PO4
Step 2
Step 3
+ NaOH
+ H2O
There are three sharp pH changes
Each successive addition of
NaOH is the same as equal
number of moles are involved.
Other pH curves - polyprotic acids (H3PO4)
Phosphoric acid is triprotic; it reacts with sodium hydroxide in three steps...
——>
NaH2PO4
NaH2PO4 + NaOH
——>
Na2HPO4 + H2O
Na2HPO4 + NaOH
——>
Na3PO4 + H2O
Step 1
H3PO4
Step 2
Step 3
+ NaOH
+ H2O
pH of H3PO4
= 1.5
Other pH curves - polyprotic acids (H3PO4)
Phosphoric acid is triprotic; it reacts with sodium hydroxide in three steps...
——>
NaH2PO4
NaH2PO4 + NaOH
——>
Na2HPO4 + H2O
Na2HPO4 + NaOH
——>
Na3PO4 + H2O
Step 1
H3PO4
Step 2
Step 3
+ NaOH
+ H2O
pH of NaH2PO4 = 4.4
pH of H3PO4
= 1.5
Other pH curves - polyprotic acids (H3PO4)
Phosphoric acid is triprotic; it reacts with sodium hydroxide in three steps...
——>
NaH2PO4
NaH2PO4 + NaOH
——>
Na2HPO4 + H2O
Na2HPO4 + NaOH
——>
Na3PO4 + H2O
Step 1
H3PO4
Step 2
Step 3
+ NaOH
+ H2O
pH of Na2HPO4 = 9.6
pH of NaH2PO4 = 4.4
pH of H3PO4
= 1.5
Other pH curves - polyprotic acids (H3PO4)
Phosphoric acid is triprotic; it reacts with sodium hydroxide in three steps...
——>
NaH2PO4
NaH2PO4 + NaOH
——>
Na2HPO4 + H2O
Na2HPO4 + NaOH
——>
Na3PO4 + H2O
Step 1
H3PO4
Step 2
Step 3
+ NaOH
+ H2O
pH of Na3PO4
= 12
pH of Na2HPO4 = 9.6
pH of NaH2PO4 = 4.4
pH of H3PO4
= 1.5
REVISION CHECK
What should you be able to do?
Recall the definition of a weak acid
Understand why indicators can be made from weak acids
Understand why indicators must change colour quickly over a small pH range
Recall and explain the shape of titration curves involving acids and bases
Explain why particular indicators are used for certain titrations
Explain the shape of the titration curve for phosphoric acid
Explain the shape of the titration curve for acid -sodium carbonate reactions
CAN YOU DO ALL OF THESE?
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INDICATORS &
pH CURVES
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