Transcript Effects of Ozone Depletion The Discovery In 1985, using satellites, balloons, and surface stations, a team of researchers had discovered a balding patch of.

Effects of Ozone Depletion
The Discovery
In 1985, using satellites, balloons,
and surface stations, a team of
researchers had discovered a balding
patch of ozone in the upper
stratosphere, the size of the United
States, over Antarctica.
British Atlantic Survey Research station, Holly Bay, Antarctic coast
Team who discovered the hole 1985.
From left: Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Jonathan Shanklin
Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS)
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Used by NASA to measure
ozone concentrations
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TOMS – a satellite-borne
instrument
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TOMS launched in 1996 –
makes 35 measurements every
8 seconds
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Levels of ozone are measured
in Dobson units (DU), where
100 DU is equivalent to a 1
millimeter thick layer of pure
ozone
Artist's view of the QuikTOMS spacecraft (image
credit: NASA)
Earth’s Atmosphere
The ozone layer
•Ozone is a triatomic form of
oxygen (O3) found in Earth’s upper
and lower atmosphere.
•The ozone layer, situated in the
stratosphere about 15 to 30 km
above the earth's surface.
•Ozone protects living organisms by
absorbing harmful ultraviolet
radiation (UVB) from the sun.
•The ozone layer is being destroyed
by CFCs and other substances.
• Ozone depletion progressing
globally except in the tropical zone.
www.epcc.pref.osaka.jp/apec/ eng/earth/ozone_layer_depletion/susumu.html
Hole Formation Based on Two different
mechanisms:
• Meteorological
mechanism
– Movement of air from
one place to another in
the upper stratosphere
– Cold temperature in
the upper atmosphere
causes nitric acid to
freeze into crystals
forming wispy pink
clouds
– Forms a vortex of
tightly twisted winds
thus forming a hole in
the upper atmosphere
Chemical Mechanism
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Different chemicals are responsible for the destruction of the ozone
layer
Topping the list :
 chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)
 man-made, non-toxic and inert in the troposphere
 In the stratosphere are photolysed, releasing reactive chlorine atom
that catalytically destroy ozone
A combination of low temperatures and elevated
chlorine and bromine concentrations are responsible
for the destruction of ozone in the upper stratosphere
thus forming a “hole”. (Kerr, 1987)
www.met.sjsu.edu/~cordero/ education/education.ht
Ozone levels over North America (USEPA, March 1994)
No Data
No Data
www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/ aqtrnd95/stratoz.html
• Comparing
the colors of the bands over a particular city, such as
Seattle, shows lower ozone levels in 1994 than in 1979
• Over
the U.S., stratospheric ozone levels are about 5 percent below
normal in the summer and 10 percent below normal in the winter
Stratospheric Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR)
• Ultra-violet radiation (UVR) high energy electromagnetic wave emitted from the
sun. It is made up of wavelengths ranging from 100nm to 400nm.
• UV radiation includes UV-A, the least dangerous form of UV radiation, with a
wavelength range between 315nm to 400nm, UV-B with a wavelength range
between 280nm to 315nm, and UV-C which is the most dangerous between 100nm
to 280nm. UV-C is unable to reach Earth’s surface due to stratospheric ozone’s
ability to absorb it. (Last, 2006)
Too much ultra-violet light can result in:
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Skin cancer
Eye damage such as cataracts
Immune system damage
Reduction in phytoplankton
Damage to the DNA in various life-forms
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this has been as observed in Antarctic ice-fish that lack
pigments to shield them from the ultra-violet light (they've
never needed them before)
Possibly other things too that we don't know about at
the moment
Effects of UV radiation on biological organisms
•
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DNA damage ………………………….. Maximum effect on small and single cell
organisms
Impaired growth and photosynthesis ...poor crop yields
Phytoplankton: ………………………...Reduced uptake of CO2
…………………………………………..mortality
…………………………………………..Impaired reproductive capacity
Nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria…………. Reduced, damaged
Human health effects:
Suppressed immune system……………..Enhanced susceptibility to infection
…………………………………………..Increase risk of Cancer
Dermatology (skin)……………………...Sunburn
…………….………………………….....Loss of skin elasticity (Premature aging)
…………….…………………………… Photosensitivity
Neoplasia (cancer)……………………....Melanocytic (malignant melanoma)
…………….………………………….....Squamous cell skin – cancer
…………….……………………………Basal skin – cancer
Still questionable if causes lip cancer or cancer of
the salivary glands
Oculur (Eye)….…………………….......Cataract
…………….…………………………....Pterygium
Aquatic Ecosystems
oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/. ../phyto_zoo.jpg
Krill
www.ciesin.org/docs/ 011-558/011-558.html
Phytoplankton
• UV-B penetrates water columns to depths of 30m
• Increased UV-B exposure
– Reduces productivity by interfering with processes of photosynthesis
– Damages DNA
– Alters nitrogen metabolism
– Inhibits mobility
• Studies (1993) conducted in the Weddle Sea
– Evaluated effects of photosynthesis to UV exposure in the presence of vertical
mixing, found:
• photosynthesis by phytoplankton was strongly inhibited near the surface of
the water
• rapid mixing, photic zone is extended, severe inhibition of photosynthesis
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Play critical role in aquatic system
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Inhibits growth
Interferes with mechanisms for nitrogen fixation and carbon dioxide fixation
High mortality
Effects dependent on:
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Decomposers - absorb dissolved organic carbon and recycle it back into the
environment
Primary producers – found at the center of food web
Prone to UV-B stress
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Bacterioplankton
Where found in the water column
Amount of exposure
Amount of protection when moving from one mixing layer to another
Adaptive Strategy:
 Pigmentation – absorb more than 90% of UV-B before it penetrates to the genetic
material
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Form external filaments which protect them from excess UV-B
Macroalgae and Seagrasses
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Are sessile and restricted to growth site
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Have diverse habitats
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Above tidal zones
Intertidal zones
Some never exposed to air
Have adapted to varying solar exposure
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Able to protect themselves from excessive radiation
using mechanisms of phototinhibition
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mechanisms (electron transport) decrease photosynthesis
during excessive radiation
Plants
The influence of the UV-B radiation on plant process.
Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion: 1994 Assessment
DNA & UV-B
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DNA absorbs UV-B radiation
Changes shape in DNA
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Cells have developed the ability to
repair DNA
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Changes in the DNA molecule mean that
enzymes cannot “read” the DNA code
Results in mutated cells or the cells die
A special enzyme arrives at the damage
site
removes the damaged section of DNA
replaces it with the proper components
This makes DNA somewhat resilient
to damage by UV-B
Higher Plants
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Experiments were done to
determine if increased UV-B is a
threat to terrestrial vegetation:
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Found
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High UV-B exposure does
induce some inhibition of
photosynthesis
However….
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Studies found no significant effects
on photosynthetic productivity
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Some researchers have concluded
that ozone depletion and increase
of UV-B not a direct threat to
photosynthetic productivity of crops
and natural vegetation (Allen, 1998)
Difficult to Unmask UV-B Effects
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Limitations in controlled and field studies include:
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Large differences in temperature, precipitation, soil types
from year to year and in different locations
UV-B radiation masked by other stresses of land plants such
as drought
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Drought produces large reductions in photosynthesis
and growth masking the effects of UV-B
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Water stressed plants produce a high concentration of
leaf flavonoids (for pigmentation) providing greater
UV-B protection
Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion: 1994 Assessment
Flowering
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UV-B radiation can alter both the
time of flowering as well as the
number of flowers in certain
species.
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Differences in timing of
flowering may have important
consequences for the availability
of pollinators.
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The reproductive parts of plants,
such as pollen and ovules are
well shielded from solar UV-B
radiation.
Can plants protect themselves against increased
UV-B?
Plant adaptation:
– Have UV shielding
– Only a small proportion of the UV-B radiation striking
leaf penetrates into the inner tissues
– When exposed to increasing amounts of UV-B, many
species of plants can increase the UV-absorbing
pigments in their tissues
Other adaptations include:
– Increased thickness of leaves reducing the
proportion of inner tissues exposed to UV-B radiation
– Have repair mechanisms in plants
– includes repair systems for DNA damage
www.unep.ch/ozone/faq-env.shtml -
Amphibians
Global Decline Seen In Amphibians
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Range of explanations as to why
amphibians are declining, which
include:
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Habitat destruction
Disease
Parasites
Introduction of exotic species
Environmental contaminants and other
aspects of global climate change
UV-B radiation is still high on the list for
the decline in amphibians seen around the
world
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Causes damage to many species of amphibians at
every stage of their life cycle, from egg to adult
Affects growth and development in larvae
Causes
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Changes in behavior
Deformities
Make amphibians more vulnerable to disease and death
In adults, causes retinal damage and blindness
UV-B Effects on Human
Effects
Effects on Human Health
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Over exposure may:
 Increase risk of nonmelanoma and malignant
melanoma skin cancer
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Higher risks of
malignant melanoma
from severe sunburns
– especially in
childhood
Risk of malignant
melanoma has
increased 10%
Risk of nonmalignant
melanoma has
increased 26%
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../ lectures/ozone_health/
Non-malignant
malignant
Over Exposure
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Suppress immune system
Accelerate aging of skin due high exposure
Cause an outbreak of rash in fair skinned people
due to photo allergy – can be severe
dermis.multimedica.de/.../ en/13007/image.htm
Skin Protection
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Protect the skin against the solar radiation
using skin creams with SPF
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The greater the numerical value of the SPF the
greater the protection
Use lip balm with SPF
Cover up
Over Exposure to UV-B….
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Increases the risk of
cataracts
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Induces type of protein
that provokes cleaving
(splitting) in the lens
Leading cause of
blindness
The prevalence of
cataract after age 30 is
doubling each decade
vitreous humor
then the lens
Causes pterygium
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A wedge-shaped
growth over the
central cornea
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../ lectures/ozone_health
cornea is encountered first
Manifestations of…
Cancer
Cataracts
brought on by
over exposure to
UV-B
Pterygium
Protection
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Sunglasses with 100% UV block
Wrap around sunglasses
Eye protection for children
Hats
What Is Being Done to Counter the Effects of
Ozone Depletion?
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Montreal Protocol (adopted in 1987) – panel of
experts was formed to investigate substances
responsible for hole formation
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Established policies that prevent future use of certain
types of chemicals
Stipulated that the production and consumption of
compounds contributing towards depletion of ozone in
the stratosphere were to be phased out by the year 2000
(2005 for methylchloroform)
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
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Responsible for enforcing the Montreal Protocol
within the U.S.
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The EPA has several programs in place;
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Regulating and enforcing on-road car and truck airconditioning systems
Regulating most air-conditioning and refrigeration appliances
Technician certification
Service equipment
Signs of Recovery???
There have been some signs of recovery
 1997 satellite showed a decline of several known ozonedepleting gases
 Satellite images show some slowing down of ozone loss
However….
Antarctica - Dec. 2005
Recovery is slow
www.coolantarctica.com/. ../ozone_hole.htm
Images of Antarctica Taken Indicate A Slow
Recovery
Understanding the future
Researchers would like to see:
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Stations that measure levels of ozone and surface radiation
changes in relation to incidence rate of skin cancer and cataracts
- installed in urban areas and in remote regions far from
populations
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More studies to determine biological effects (including human)
on UVR exposure
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Research on protective creams and ointments and their
efficiency in preventing skin cancer and malignant melanoma
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More surveillance of UV-related damage to other species living
in high latitudes for example…..
Reports of Sheep in Iceland developing
eye disease – no research to support
(Last, 1993)
Future Evolution of Ozone
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Remains unclear
 Current models are unable to reproduce ozone variability
accurately
 Rates of future increases in greenhouse gases are not yet
established
 Interactions between ozone depletion and climate change
not yet fully understood
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Continued monitoring of ozone and ozone-depleting
substances is essential
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Ozone layer recovery expected by 2050
Hinges on the complete elimination of atmospheric ozonedepleting substances
Replacements for HCFCs, methyl bromide, and halons are still
being sought, and studies of the new compounds must continue
(U.N.E..P. Progress Report, 2003)
Summing It All Up
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The Ozone is Earth’s only defense against harmful UVR
Studies indicate ozone thinning throughout the globe due to 2
mechanisms:
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Meteorological
Chemical
Research indicates microorganisms, are extremely sensitive to
increasing UV-B levels
There is a lot of uncertainty and debate among researchers as to the
degree in which land plants are affected by UV-B
There is debate in the scientific community in the role UV-B radiation
plays on the decline of amphibians seen globally
In the last decade, there has been an increase in skin cancer and
cataracts all related to increase UV-B exposure
Efforts Need to Be Continued
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Create reliable models
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To gain a better understanding of the effects ozone depletion
has on organisms living within different ecosystems
Enforcement of Montreal Protocol
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To reduce concentrations of chemicals responsible for
ozone depletion
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Monitoring chemicals being emitted
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Gain a better overall understanding on just how ozone
depletion is affecting our planet
...
Questions

What are the 2 mechanisms responsible for ozone
depletion? Explain each mechanism.
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Explain 4 effects of ozone depletion.
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What efforts have been implemented to counter the
effects of ozone depletion? Are there any signs that
these efforts are working?
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What are some things scientist would like to see
done in order to gain a better understanding on the
effects of ozone depletion?
Bibliography
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Geneva, [World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project – Report
No. 37]
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8/2005 Winter/spring summary]
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www.cmdl.noaa.gov/.../ wmobro/graphics/fig9m.gif
www.ntt.co.jp/.../ detail/detail_281.html
www.coolantarctica.com/. ../ozone_hole.htm
www.dermis.multimedica.de/.../ en/13007/image.htm
www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/ aqtrnd95/stratoz.html
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../ lectures/ozone_health/
www.met.sjsu.edu/~cordero/ education/education.htm
www.unep.ch/ozone/faq-env.shtml