AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA Dr. Ashok Kumar, P.Eng. Professor & Chairman Department of Civil Engineering The University of Toledo.
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Transcript AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA Dr. Ashok Kumar, P.Eng. Professor & Chairman Department of Civil Engineering The University of Toledo.
AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA
Dr. Ashok Kumar, P.Eng.
Professor & Chairman
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of Toledo
COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS
Early 1990’s, SPM-Comparison Across Cities
(Source: UNESCAP 2000)
Tokyo
Tehran
Shanghai
Seoul
Mumbai
Manila
Kuala Lumpur
Jakarta
Delhi
Calcutta
Beijing
Bangkok
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Annual Avg. (ug/m3)
400
Air Quality Levels 2000-2001
350
concentration in µg/m
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
SPM Limit = 90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)
SPM
PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997)
PM10
SO2 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
NO2 Limit = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
SO2
NO2
Source: Information collected from national
and local government agencies through
CAI-Asia network, 2003, detailed sources
available from CAI-Asia Secretariat
FACTORS INFLUENCING POLLUTION
POPULATION GROWTH
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
INCREASED VEHICULAR TRAFFIC
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC GROWTH
POLLUTION TRENDS
• China
• India
• Sri Lanka
Trends - China
Trends - India
Changes in RSPM levels
Delhi
(ug/m3)
Kolkata
(ug/m3)
Mumbai
(ug/m3)
Hyderabad
(ug/m3)
Chennai
(ug/m3)
1993-95
Average
255
196
142
69
73
2000-02
Average
180
130
83
66
63
Reduction
75
(29%)
66
(34%)
59
(42%)
3
(4%)
10
(14%)
Trends – Sri Lanka
Trends – Sri Lanka
CONTROL MEASURES
• Technology-Based Regulations
– Hybrid Vehicles
– Fuel Cell Vehicles
– Hydrogen-Powered Internal-Combustion
Engines
– Ultra-Low Sulfur Fuels
– Alternative Fuels
• Economic Instruments
– Emission Trading
– Congestion Pricing
• Policy Implementation
TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION
Effects - India
RSPM (All Areas)
300
250
1328 industries closed or relocated in 1996-97
Lower S in diesel and other industrial fuel
Change in monitoring equipment !
ug/m3
200
150
100
50
National Standard (Residential)
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Pollution
Per Capita Income
Environmental Effects of Globalization
A failure to account for environmental and social
degradation
A potential reduction in environmental and social standards
Specialization which increases monocultures and decreases
diversity
Environmental damage caused by long-distance transport
Export-oriented growth which exacerbates all of the above.
Incompatibility with some environmental protection measures
Increasing inequality between rich and poor countries, rich
and poor people, and women and men, all of which also
exacerbate poverty and environmental degradation