Transcript AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA Dr. Ashok Kumar, P.Eng. Professor & Chairman Department of Civil Engineering The University of Toledo.

AIR POLLUTION IN ASIA
Dr. Ashok Kumar, P.Eng.
Professor & Chairman
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of Toledo
COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS
Early 1990’s, SPM-Comparison Across Cities
(Source: UNESCAP 2000)
Tokyo
Tehran
Shanghai
Seoul
Mumbai
Manila
Kuala Lumpur
Jakarta
Delhi
Calcutta
Beijing
Bangkok
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Annual Avg. (ug/m3)
400
Air Quality Levels 2000-2001
350
concentration in µg/m
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
SPM Limit = 90 µg/m3 (WHO, 1979)
SPM
PM10 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (USEPA, 1997)
PM10
SO2 Limit = 50 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
NO2 Limit = 40 µg/m3 (WHO, 1999)
SO2
NO2
Source: Information collected from national
and local government agencies through
CAI-Asia network, 2003, detailed sources
available from CAI-Asia Secretariat
FACTORS INFLUENCING POLLUTION
POPULATION GROWTH
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
INCREASED VEHICULAR TRAFFIC
ECONOMIC GROWTH
ECONOMIC GROWTH
POLLUTION TRENDS
• China
• India
• Sri Lanka
Trends - China
Trends - India
Changes in RSPM levels
Delhi
(ug/m3)
Kolkata
(ug/m3)
Mumbai
(ug/m3)
Hyderabad
(ug/m3)
Chennai
(ug/m3)
1993-95
Average
255
196
142
69
73
2000-02
Average
180
130
83
66
63
Reduction
75
(29%)
66
(34%)
59
(42%)
3
(4%)
10
(14%)
Trends – Sri Lanka
Trends – Sri Lanka
CONTROL MEASURES
• Technology-Based Regulations
– Hybrid Vehicles
– Fuel Cell Vehicles
– Hydrogen-Powered Internal-Combustion
Engines
– Ultra-Low Sulfur Fuels
– Alternative Fuels
• Economic Instruments
– Emission Trading
– Congestion Pricing
• Policy Implementation
TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION
Effects - India
RSPM (All Areas)
300
250
1328 industries closed or relocated in 1996-97
Lower S in diesel and other industrial fuel
Change in monitoring equipment !
ug/m3
200
150
100
50
National Standard (Residential)
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Pollution
Per Capita Income
Environmental Effects of Globalization
 A failure to account for environmental and social
degradation
 A potential reduction in environmental and social standards
 Specialization which increases monocultures and decreases
diversity
 Environmental damage caused by long-distance transport
 Export-oriented growth which exacerbates all of the above.
Incompatibility with some environmental protection measures
 Increasing inequality between rich and poor countries, rich
and poor people, and women and men, all of which also
exacerbate poverty and environmental degradation