Transcript THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATION The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, lungs, blood, and tissues.

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATION
The exchange of gases between the
atmosphere, lungs, blood, and
tissues
Respiration




Pulmonary ventilation: “breathing”
External respiration: occurs within the
lungs
Transport of respiratory gases: via
the blood
Internal respiration: occurs within the
tissues
REQUIREMENTS



Gas exchange surfaces must be thin.
Gas exchange surfaces must remain
moist.
Gas exchange surfaces must be large in
relation to the size of the organism.
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
- Upper respiratory
 Nose
 Pharynx
- Lower respiratory
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchial tree
 Lungs
 Diaphragm
Nose
Features of the Nose

External Nares:


Nasal Septum:


The nostrils where air enters the nasal cavity
Divides the nasal cavity into two symmetrical
halves
Olfactory/Respiratory Mucosa:

Contain smell receptors and goblet cells for
mucus secretion
Nose
Features of the Pharynx

Nasopharynx:




Oropharynx: (fauces)



Acts only as an air passageway; when swallowing,
uvula and soft palate close it off
Location of pharyngeal tonsil
Eustachian tubes
Common passageway for food and air
Location of palatine and lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx: (hypopharynx)


Common passageway for food and air
Intersects with trachea; location of epiglottis
Pharynx
Features of the Larynx




Three functions
 Provides an open airway
 Routes food and air into proper tubes
(epiglottis)
 Voice production (vocal folds)
Several cartilages located here (thyroid, cricoid,
and arytenoid)
Epiglottis:
 Flap of elastic cartilage that shuts off larynx
and trachea from incoming food (only works
in conscious people)
Vocal Folds:
 True vocal cords that vibrate with air coming
up from the lungs. Space between is called
the rima glottidis
 Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
Larynx
Larynx
Vocal Folds and Ligaments
Features of the Trachea

Contains mucosa



Goblet cells produce mucus
Cilia of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
propel debris-laden mucus to pharynx
Contains C-shaped cartilage


Helps the trachea to expand and recoil
Prevents trachea from collapsing despite
pressure changes that occur during breathing
Trachea
Tracheal Anatomy
Features of the Bronchial Tree




Primary Bronchi:
 Runs obliquely into mediastinum and enters lung at
lung hilus; two primary bronchi emerge from trachea.
Right bronchi is larger, shorter and oblique.
Aspiration. Bifurcation is called the carina.
Secondary Bronchi:
 Each primary divides into secondary (3 on right and 2
on left) bronchi that service each lung
Tertiary Bronchi:
 Secondary bronchi branch into tertiary which branch
into smaller and smaller tubes
Bronchioles:
 Tiniest of tertiary bronchi, less than 0.5 mm in
diameter; smallest are terminal bronchi
Bronchial Tree


Bronchoscope: illuminated, tubular
instrument to view bronchi and trachea.
Bronchography: technique used to
examine the bronchial tree. A catheter
(intratracheal) is passed through the nose
or mouth and through the rima glottidis
into the trachea. A contrast, usually
containing iodine, is inhaled and an x-ray
is taken called a bronchogram.
Features of the Lower Bronchial
Tree

Terminal Bronchioles:


Respiratory Bronchioles:


The smallest bronchioles that feed directly
into:
Feed into each lung which lead into:
Alveolar ducts:


Contain rings of smooth muscle and alveoli
which is the structure gases are exchanged in.
Contain a chemical called surfactant which
reduces surface tension
Lower Bronchial Tree
Alveoli and Respiratory Membrane
The Lungs and Pleural
Coverings
The Lungs and Pleural
Coverings
Lungs
- right and left
- Lungs have lobes and fissures
- 3 lobes in the rt. lung
- superior
- middle
- inferior
- 2 fissures: horizontal and oblique
- 2 in the left lung
- superior
- inferior
- cardiac notch for heart to rest in.
- 1 fissure: oblique
- Lung has broad inferior surface called the
base.
- Lung has a pointed superior surface called
the apex or the cupola