Transcript Chapter 10: Combining Patterns in Paragraphs and Longer Readings From this chapter, you’ll learn 1.

Chapter 10: Combining Patterns in
Paragraphs and Longer Readings
From this chapter, you’ll learn
1. how patterns of organization can combine
to organize paragraphs.
2. how patterns of organization can combine
in longer readings.
3. how readers need to respond to those
combined patterns.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
10.1 Patterns Combining in Paragraphs
The patterns used in paragraphs are dictated by the main
idea. For instance, which patterns do you think would
organize paragraphs explaining these three main ideas:
1.
2.
3.
Like the blues in the twenties and thirties, hip hop
music voices anger and discontent.
Storms are disturbances of the atmosphere, which
range from desert dust storms to tropical typhoons.
Deserts are much more various than most people
realize, and temperatures in the desert can range from
mild to cold.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
10.1 Identifying Multiple Patterns
How many organizational patterns do you see in this paragraph? What clues
to those patterns led you to your conclusion?
According to economists, there are four different types of unemployment, each
with its own specific cause. The first type of unemployment is seasonal. Workers
in certain industries—such as agriculture, resorts and retail—are subject to
fluctuating demands for their services because of peak and off-peak times in
these industries. This type of unemployment is regular, predictable, and
relatively short-term. The second type of unemployment is referred to as
frictional. It is caused by school and college graduates seeking jobs for the first
time and by workers changing jobs. These people usually remain unemployed for
just a short time while they seek a position. A third type of unemployment is
structural, caused, for example, by the use of new machinery, such as robots,
that can perform simple repetitive tasks. Workers displaced by structural
changes often experience long-term unemployment while seeking a job that
matches their skills and salary expectations. The last type of unemployment is
cyclical. This kind is produced by the overall business cycle. Cyclical
unemployment increases in recessions;* it decreases during growth periods.
*recessions: periods of economic downturn
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
A Word to the Wise
You already know this from Chapter 9, but the point is worth
repeating: The pattern or patterns a writer uses are dictated by the
main idea. That means the stated or implied main is the strongest
clue to what patterns you can expect to find in a reading. Once you
identify the pattern or patterns a writer uses, you are in a better
position to determine what’s critical to store in long-term memory
and what is not.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
10.2 Combining Patterns in Longer
Readings
Like main ideas in paragraphs, main ideas in
longer readings often require more than one
pattern of organization to be fully developed.
Look, for instance, at the following reading,
paragraph by paragraph. What patterns
emerge as the author describes the relationship
between software called “Freenet” and the
invisible web?
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
10.2 Combining Patterns in Longer Readings
Diving into the Deep Web
In 1995, Ian Clarke was a young, Irish grad student finishing up his thesis on
how software could be used to mask the identity of Internet users who wanted
to remain anonymous. At the time, Clarke’s instructors weren’t especially
impressed with his work. However by 2000, even they probably had second
thoughts. By then, Clarke had released software, called Freenet, which,
at no cost, enabled users to browse the web without detection. Around the
same time, a growing number of people were talking about or making use of
that part of the Internet variously called the “dark,” “deep,” or “invisible” web.
The term referred to those parts of the web not accessible by conventional
search engines like Google. Thought to be 500 hundred times as big as the
known, or surface, web, the deep web had become the meeting place for a wide
variety of Internet users from serious scholars to political dissidents and
international criminals. For those users in need of secrecy, Clarke’s software was
a godsend.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
10.2 Combining Patterns in Longer Readings
Do any of the previous patterns continue to be developed in this
second paragraph?
For Web users living in countries that repress free speech, Freenet offered
protection from political reprisals. That Freenet’s purpose was to provide
this protection is clear from the choice in responses those downloading
Freenet can give to the question, “How much security do you need”?
“Normal” security is tagged with the statement “I live in a relatively free
country” whereas the statement connected to “Maximum” is more
ominous: “I intend to access information that could get me arrested,
imprisoned or worse.” A Chinese blogger searching for and publishing
articles critical of the government is clearly not interested in making his or
her identity known to officials intent on shutting the blog down and
throwing the blogger in jail. For that person, Clarke’s pioneering software
could mean the difference between freedom and imprisonment.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
10.2 Combining Patterns in Longer Readings
What pattern or patterns do you recognize in this paragraph?
But political dissidents accessing the invisible Web are not the only ones
who benefit from the use of Freenet, or similar identity-protecting
software. Criminals have also found that using Freenet to remain
anonymous on the Internet works in their interest. According to Craig
Labovitz, chief scientist of Arbor Networks, an online security firm, a wellknown Russian crime syndicate rents temporary websites in the deep
web, using them for everything from online identity theft to the release of
computer viruses and the sale of child pornography. Needless to say, the
Russian syndicate, along with other criminals, wants to carry out its
schemes as anonymously as possible, and they are aided in their efforts
by both the deep Web’s obscurity* and the use of software like Freenet,
with Freenet being the most effective at providing a cloak of anonymity.
*obscurity: being unknown.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
10.2 Combining Patterns in Longer Readings
What pattern or patterns do you recognize in this paragraph?
Aware that his software can sometimes be used by the most
despicable of people, Ian Clarke argues that the freedom of expression
Freenet provides must be protected, even if, at times, that freedom of
expression results in behavior he personally despises. As one might
expect, the police do not have quite the same attitude toward either
Clark’s software or the anonymity it creates. They claim the ability to
be anonymous on the Internet aids and abets criminal behavior. They
also say that they are coming closer and closer to being able to trace
any wrong-doing hidden in the murky mist of the deep web. And they
might be right about that. Anand Rajaraman, the co-creator of the
highly praised web search engine Kosmix, insists that as search engine
technology improves, the entire World Wide Web will become truly
transparent and even the deep web will have to give up its secrets.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
A Word to the Wise
Don’t assume that every important thought in a multiparagraph reading will be covered by an organizational
pattern. It’s possible for a writer to use one or more
organizational patterns and still include important
information that is not completely included in the pattern or
patterns used develop the main idea. The test for what’s
important is always based on the main idea using questions
like “What information do I need in order to fully explain or
prove the main idea?”
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
10.2 Combining Patterns in Longer Readings
• How many patterns did you recognize
in the reading about Freenet and the
deep web?
• Were they all equally important to
your understanding of the main idea?
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
10. 3 Responding to Combined Patterns in
Longer Readings
Recognizing several patterns in a reading doesn’t mean that you
need to record every element of that pattern. Instead, record
only those elements central to the main idea. For instance,
what was the main idea of the previous reading, and are both of
these dates and events equally central to an understanding of
the main idea?
1. 1995 – the year Ian Clarke was finishing up his dissertation.
2. 2000 – the year Clarke published software that could
disguise a person’s identity on the Internet.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
10.3 Responding to Combined Patterns in
Longer Readings
What definition or definitions from the previous
reading need to be remembered in order for you
to say that you have understood the author’s
message?
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
10.3 Responding to Combined Patterns in Longer
Readings
Which of these cause and effect relationships do you see at
work in the reading about the deep web?
1. Freenet allowed people to navigate the deep web in
secrecy.
2. The appearance of Kosmix has made Freenet software
obsolete.
3. Freenet has helped criminals to navigate the deep web
without getting caught.
4. Freenet increased the possibility of free expression in
countries that repressed free speech.
5. Creating Freenet earned Ian Clarke a fortune.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Combining Patterns of Organization
in Paragraphs and Longer Readings
You’ve previewed the major concepts and skills introduced in Chapter
10. Take this quick quiz to test your mastery of those skills and
concepts, and you are ready to read the chapter.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Combining Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs and Longer Readings
1. What dictates the pattern or patterns of
organization in a paragraph?
2. What dictates the pattern or patterns of
organization in a multi-paragraph reading?
3. True or False. If a reading contains three
different patterns of organization, the
elements of each pattern are all equally
essential.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Combining Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs and Longer Readings
4. What pattern or patterns are suggested by
the following topic sentence:
“Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia has
said that his outlook on life was profoundly
shaped by his years at Xavier Academy, a
Jesuit* Academy in New York.”
*Jesuit: a member of a Catholic religious order known for excellence in scholarship
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Finishing Up: Combining Patterns of
Organization in Paragraphs and Longer Readings
5. What pattern or patterns are suggested by
the following thesis statement:
“Years from now economists and historians
will probably still be trying to explain how
the financial crisis that did so much harm to
the United States left China not only
unharmed but in a better position than
before the downturn.”
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
Brain Teaser Challenge
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009
The Argentinean writer Manual Puig has said that
“As a rule, one should never place form over
content.“ What would Puig say about patterns of
organization? Does the writer start an essay or
article with the topic or the pattern? Does what
Puig says fit what you have learned from this
chapter overview or do you detect a difference of
opinion? Please explain your answer.
Copyright Laraine Flemming 2009