Transcript Water quality monitoring pre+post-2015 6th Session of Joint Task Force on Environmental Indicators UNECE, Palais des Nations Geneva, 30 October 2012 Rifat Hossain ([email protected]) Water Sanitation.

Water quality monitoring pre+post-2015
6th Session of Joint Task Force on
Environmental Indicators
UNECE, Palais des Nations
Geneva, 30 October 2012
Rifat Hossain ([email protected])
Water Sanitation Hygiene & Health
World Health Organization
2012-10-30
Knowledge gap: Levels of services
Total population
Access to improved
Ideal
system
Piped water
systems
Sustainability
(environment,
ecology)
Safe water
(WHO guideline
compliance)
Affordable
Reliable
WQ monitoring …
• MDG monitoring
• Need for water quality monitoring
• Lack of comparable data
• Monitoring done with proxy indicator
• JMP has addressed this through
• Rapid Assessment Surveys (2003-2006)
• JMP Task Force on Water Quality monitoring
• Task Force recommendations
– Relevant WQ parameters at the global level:
• E-Coli, Arsenic and Fluoride and perhaps also nitrate
– Tools to monitor:
• More RADWQ
• WQ testing through household surveys
• Data from regulators
WQ monitoring issues…
• MDG target met for water
• JMP announcement: demand for info about quality of water
• 783 million without improved water: several billion without
safe water?
• What about risk assessment?
• Relevant pending issues from TF recommendations
• More RADWQ: handbook finalized
• WQ testing through household surveys: MICS and DHS pilots
• Post-2015
– UN resolution: 64/292, recognized the right to safe and clean
drinking-water and sanitation as a human right essential to the full
enjoyment of life and all other human rights
– WHO resolution A64/24, also promoted safe drinking-water
– Focus on WQ in water thematic working group of post-2015
Criteria for WQ indicators
• A good indicator
• unambiguously measures to provide an approximation of
reality that is as accurate as needed
• Considerations for determining WQ indicators:
• Easily measurable
• Cost efficient
• Clearly defined
• Verifiable
• Acceptable
• Policy relevant
• Developed with participation
• Purpose of having a PROXY:
• To collect information that has relevance to what is sought,
when what is sought cannot be measured directly
Additional criteria for
JMP WQ indicators
• Global:
– Available for a limited number of countries
• Goes back to the MDG base-line year 1990
– Availability even less, mostly recent
• Comparability across countries and over time
– Challenging because of non-comparable information
JMP relies on survey
and census data
Household surveys using cluster sampling:
DHS
Demographic and Health Survey
MICS
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
LSMS
Living Standard Measurement Study
CWIQ
Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire
WHS
World Health survey
HBS
Household Budget Survey
Etc. &
National census
MDG target + Indicators
MDG 7 Target 7c:
• Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation
Indicator to monitor (proxy for access to safe drinking-water):
• Proportion of the population that uses an improved
drinking-water source (urban + rural)
An improved drinking water source is:
“a source that by the nature of its construction adequately protects
the source from outside contamination in particular with fecal
matter”
Improved/unimproved:
safe/unsafe
Public tap/standpipe
Tube well/borehole
Protected dug well
Protected spring
IMPROVED
Piped into dwelling, plot or yard
Rainwater collection
Unprotected dug well
Unprotected spring
Cart with small tank/drum
Tanker truck
 Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond,
stream, canal, irrigation canal)
 Bottled water (unless 2nd Improved source)
UNIMPROVED
If constructed
and used
properly these
sources should
provide good
quality water
But…
Rapid Assessment of Drinkingwater Quality (RADWQ)
To overlay water quality information (quality factor) on
JMP data on the use of improved sources of drinkingwater:
• Cluster sampled surveys of water points (to match
with JMP data)
• An additional 10% sub-sample at household level (to
see the degree of contamination during transport and
storage): high degree of correlation of water quality
sampled at POC and at POU
• RADWQ tested microbiological, physical/chemical
parameters + sanitary inspections
• Five country reports available on JMP website
Post-2015 Challenge
• Can we formulate a set of post-2015 goal or
target(s) with indicators that appeal enough to
the politicians and which are significantly
different and more ambitious than our current
target?
• For what do we want to get support from our
Ministers? from UNSGAB? from the UN-SG?
post-2015?
• Tension: Ideal & Normative vs. Practical &
Measurable & Achievable
Which are possible Sustainable
Development Goals or Targets?
Universe of
targets and
indicators
Targets and
indicators of
global
relevance
Targets and
indicators
proposed for
global
monitoring
Targets and
indicators for
SDG
framework
Preliminary outcomes
from post-2015 water working group• Proposed goal:
- Safe, Sustainable Drinking Water for All
• Proposed targets:
-
By 2030, EVERYBODY has equitable access to a basic drinking water
service at home.
-
To halve, by 2030, the proportion of people, including disadvantaged
groups, without equitable access to a higher water service at home.
-
By 2030, EVERYBODY has equitable access to a basic water [sanitation
and hygiene] services in their schools and health facilities.
-
Water [sanitation and hygiene] services are delivered in a financially,
operationally institutionally, and environmentally sustainable manner.
Quality, quality…quantity?
100%
100%
All water
infrastructure+surface
water
90%
80%
All water infrastructure
70%
90%
All water
infrastructure+surface
water
80%
All water infrastructure
70%
60%
Improved water sources
50%
Improved water sources
60%
50%
Safe water sources
40%
30%
Safe water sources
40%
30%
safe water sources that
is within 30mins of home
20%
10%
safe water sources at
home
0%
1990
Urban
2010
safe water sources that
is within 30mins of home
20%
safe water sources at
home
10%
0%
1990
2010
Rural
Urban-Rural disparities (2010)
Improved water: 93% vs. 44%, safe water at home: 45% vs. 0.2%
Health impacts, climate
variability etc.?
Ref: Atlas of Health and Climate, WHO & WMO 2012,
http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/atlas/en/index.html
Thank you!
JMP Web Site:
www.wssinfo.org