SCIENTIFIC WRITING AND PRESENTATION (FST 413) BY SOBUKOLA, O.P. (PhD) Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria. [email protected] Copyright: Dr.
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Transcript SCIENTIFIC WRITING AND PRESENTATION (FST 413) BY SOBUKOLA, O.P. (PhD) Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria. [email protected] Copyright: Dr.
SCIENTIFIC WRITING AND
PRESENTATION (FST 413)
BY
SOBUKOLA, O.P. (PhD)
Department of Food Science & Technology,
University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
[email protected]
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
2010/2011 Session
Semester:
Format:
Instructor:
Class:
Recommended Text:
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
FIRST
2 Hourly Lectures per week
Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Temporary Office,
FST Wing,
COLAMRUD Building
Tel.:+234-8035637361
[email protected]
Thursday (10-12pm @ RC 203)
Grading of the
course
Examination = 60%
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Oral presentation
= 20%
Report writing
= 20%
General Policies and Principles
Examination- CAT will be inform of written and oral
presentation while the exam will be theory based;
Grading- The University rules applies in this case;
Attendance- This is compulsory for all the sections of the
course. Make up test will not be encouraged by the
instructor at all times;
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Academic Integrity- Students are expected to set high
ethical standards for themselves and others;
Social justice- I will maintain a positive learning environment
based upon open
nondiscrimination.
communication,
mutual
respect,
and
There shall be no discrimination on the basis of race, sex, age,
disability, religion, sexual orientation, color or national origin.
Any suggestions as to how to further such a positive and open
environment in this class will be appreciated and given serious
consideration.
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
COURSE OUTLINE
Scientific communication;
Types of written communication- Journals, reviews,
conference papers etc;
Types of oral communication- Seminar, conferences,
talks and art of oral presentation;
Modern information technologies;
Scientific illustrations – Figures, tables and plates
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
What is Scientific writing?
Scientific writing is writing about science
The cornerstone of the
philosophy of science is
based on the fundamental
assumption that original
research must be published
-An unwritten law in science
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
What is a research report?
It describes the completed study to other researchers,
professionals, students or global audience;
It communicates information to the selected audience
as clearly and accurately as possible about the
research project;
Research reports highlights the essence of the study
and brings the study to an end;
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Hence, scientist must not only do science but must be
able to write science;
It is the art of presenting scientific results to fellow
researchers or end users;
It is a written scientific document that the researcher
produces as a result of a research study or
investigation;
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Avenues for
Communicating
Scientific findings
Research
communications
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Extension & popular
communications
Research
Communication
Journals;
Reviews;
Conference papers
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Thesis &
Dissertation;
Project proposal;
Book chapters
Annual reports;
Leaflets;
Posters;
Newsletters;
Lectures
Extension & popular communication
Extension manuals; newspaper reports;
magazine article; radio broadcast;
Films & videos; Audiovisuals shows;
Practical demonstration; handbills;
Cartoons; photographs
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Research Journal
It is the most important for any academic/scientist;
It provides new and original information from a particular
hypothesis;
It is patronized by specialist in that area & others that
borrows ideas for other purposes;
Abstract; introduction; materials & methods; results &
discussion; conclusion; acknowledgement; references.
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Research review/critical review
It
is a research report in which the author(s) is an
authority;
The information contained therein may not be as a result
of the research activity of the authors;
It contains information on the subject matter but on
different materials;
It is a compilation of research works from different
scientist brought together in a particular field
Introduction;
theoretical background;
conclusion; acknowledgement; references
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discussions;
Conference Paper/proceedings
Scientific conference is the gathering of specialist in that field
to share ideas together;
A researcher can present the results of his research work to
the audience;
The presentations are compiled together in a book/CD called
conference proceedings;
It may be one page or extended abstract
Brief abstract, introduction; materials and methods; result &
discussion; references
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
CAT 1
Give ten examples each of the following in your field of
study:
Journals
Reviews &
Conference proceeding
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Research Proposal
It is a detailed description of the plan intended to put
into operation within a set time frame for
achievement of the said objective or hypothesis to be
tested in the research work being proposed;
It may be written for approval or for sponsorship;
It represents ideas in written form;
It allows for proper monitoring of the research work;
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Research Proposal
Front Matter
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Main Text
Back Matter
Front Matter
Title page
Short Summary
Main text
Introduction (problem statement; justification; short
literature review; objectives)
Materials & Methods (equipment; sampling method;
experimental design)
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Data Analysis
Conclusions (practical implication and application of
the research results)
Time scheduling
Cost implication
Back matter
References
Appendices
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Thesis and dissertation
This is a report that is written as a result of
completion a research result;
It has similar component as a research proposal;
A striking feature is the length of literature review.
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Front Matter
• Title page, name of researcher, degree at time of
•
•
•
•
submission, statement affirming the degree to be
awarded, address of university and department, year
and month of supervision;
Certification page;
Declaration page;
Dedication page;
Acknowledgement page
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Table of contents
List of tables
List of figures
Epilogue
Abstract (between 100-500 words) but average of 250
words
Main Text
• Introduction
• Literature review
• Materials and methods
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Results and discussion
Conclusion and recommendations
Back matter
• References
• Appendices (questionnaire, raw data or statistical
analysis)
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CAT 2
Write a research proposal in your field of study for
submission to your project supervisor.
Your proposal must explicitly depict all the
components of a standard research proposal.
Your proposal should also be ready for oral
presentation.
Time frame: 2 weeks
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Reference styles
There are many ways of writing references but there
are preferred ways;
The preferred ways could be divided into three as
shown below:
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Reference
Styles
Name-Year
system
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Number with
Alphabetical
listing
Citationsequence
listing
Name – Year system
For text citation;
Sobukola (2007) or (Sobukola, 2007).
Sobukola and Dairo (2007) or (Sobukola and Dairo,
2007)
Sobukola et al. (2008) or (Sobukola et al., 2008).
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Reference listing
Akanbi,
C.T., Adeyemi, R.S. & Ojo, A. (2006). Drying
characteristics and sorption isotherm of tomato slices. Journal of
Food Engineering, 73, 157–163.
Akpinar, E.K., Bicer, Y. & Midilli, A. (2003b). Modeling and
experimental study on drying of apple slices in a convective cyclone
dryer. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 26, 515–541.
Babajide, J.M., Obadina, A.O., Oyewole, O.B. & Ugbaka, L.N.
(2006). Microbial quality of dry yam ‘‘gbodo’’ parboiled with ⁄
without adjuncts. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5, 278–281.
Chou, S., Chiang, B., Chung, Y., Chen, P. & Hsu, C. (2006). Effects
of storage temperatures on the anti oxidative activity and
composition of yam. Food Chemistry, 98, 618–623.
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Senadeera, W., Bhandari, B., Young, G. & Wijesinghe, B. (2000).
Physical property changes of fruits and vegetables during hot air
drying. In: Drying Technology in Agriculture and Food Sciences
(edited by A.S. Mujumdar). Pp. 159–161. Enfield: Science
Publishers.
Sobukola, O.P., Dairo, O.U., Sanni, L.O., Odunewu, V.O. & Fafiolu,
B.O. (2006). Mathematical modeling of thin layer drying of fever
leaves (Ocimum viride) under open sun. In: 2nd National drying
symposium (NDS ‘06), Ilorin, Nigeria, 19–21 June.
Togrul, I.T. & Pehlivan, D. (2002). Mathematical modeling of solar
drying of apricots in thin layers. Journal of Food Engineering, 55,
209–216.
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Numbered with alphabetical listing
The list in the numbered alphabetical system is
arranged in the same order;
References are numbered;
The citation in the text is by number in parenthesis
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Citation - Sequence
Each citation in the text is given as a number written
as superscript in the order it is mentioned;
The reference list is arranged sequentially by number
and not alphabetical;
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Illustration of scientific result
Bar chart;
Pie chart;
Histogram;
Graphs;
Line graphs
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Characteristics of good Illustration
The title must be explicit enough;
The title must be clear and concise;
Must be simple and clear;
Must contain relevant legend;
It must be virtually appealing and not crowded;
It must be well organized
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Oral Presentations of Scientific research work
Oral
presentation
Poster
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presentation
Oral presentation
less formal than writing
language is conversational
audience
may
interact
with
presenter;
questions
slides – provide structure, emphasize visuals
presenter controls pace (not reader)
fixed time limit
strive
ask
for simplicity – less detail, less
information
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Principles of Oral presentation
planning – purpose, audience, scope
preparation – assemble material, decide how to
present
structure – logical development
visuals – graphs, images, photos
Practical tip: backup your presentation well:
DVD, USB
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Structure of Oral presentation
Structure provides the basis for logical development
Introduction
state purpose
provide background
Body
develop the topic
Closing
state conclusion with conviction
suggest what to do next; provide motivation
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Power Point slides
Use slide-making software, e.g., Power Point,
SliTeX, …
Slides should provide structure for your talk
Keep slides simple, uncluttered
short,
punchy lines
use phrases, not sentences
spelling and English usage should be correct
avoid numerous equations
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
More on Slides…
Slides should be easy to read
Use images and graphs
Use large font size >18 pts
no more than 10 – 12 lines
graphs should be simple with large lettering and
thick lines
► rule of thumb: slide should be legible at arm’s
length
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Oral presentation: style
Try to be relaxed and comfortable
Write down outline of your talk beforehand
Practice beforehand
Speak clearly and plainly
Do not speak too fast
Allow 1 to 2 minutes per slide
Do not read from the slide word-for-word all the
time
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Oral Presentation: style
Connect with audience
eye
contact
pick several people to ‘talk to’
Avoid Fidgeting
Dress appropriately
for
formal presentation (e.g., conference), look
professional
Do not go over your allotted time
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Dressing
Casual/trendy
forma
l
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More on dressing…..
Traditional
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What about men?
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Oral presentation of scientific results
Steps to be taken before oral presentation
Prepare illustrative materials carefully;
Text must be easy to read and legible;
Proper rehearsal
Orderly presentation of illustrations;
Dress neatly and well.
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
At the conference room
Ensure your presentation is well loaded by the
operator;
Speak clearly to your audience and not at your
audience;
Be masterly in your presentation;
Adopt a single conversation style;
Be relaxed and be confident;
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Pause after each slide and allow your audience to
digest the information;
Be time conscious;
Do not distract the audience;
For proper audibility, do not get the microphone
too close to your mouth;
Thank the audience after presentation.
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Using poster in presenting research result
A poster is a shortened form of a research paper;
Presented using one or more large sheets of paper;
Used effectively to present pictures that tell the full
story of a research activity;
Information is provided through the use of visuals in a
well coordinated and organized combination of text
and illustration.
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Characteristics of a good poster
It must be simple and clear;
Easy to read and understand the relevant legend/key;
It should be visually appealing and attractive;
The text and illustration must be harmoniously
combined to produce an effective presentation;
It must tell the story completely
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Major elements of a poster
The title of the poster (bold & catchy);
Introduction (text);
Materials & methods (text & illustration);
Results (text & illustrations like graphs; line drawings;
actual specimen)
Conclusion (Text & presentation)
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola
Copyright: Dr. O.P. Sobukola