Accelerator Distribution according to Scope New applications New technologies Basic Science >15000 1% EPS HEP2003 Frontier Accelerators -> Technologies & Methods -> Applications (Interconnection Scheme) TW Laser s Very Hi gh Acc.
Download ReportTranscript Accelerator Distribution according to Scope New applications New technologies Basic Science >15000 1% EPS HEP2003 Frontier Accelerators -> Technologies & Methods -> Applications (Interconnection Scheme) TW Laser s Very Hi gh Acc.
Accelerator Distribution according to Scope New applications New technologies Basic Science >15000 1% EPS HEP2003 1 Frontier Accelerators -> Technologies & Methods -> Applications (Interconnection Scheme) TW Laser s Very Hi gh Acc. Fields Fr on t ier Col l i der s Sy n c h r o t r o n Ra d ia t io n So u r c e s Ap p l ie d Su p e r Co n d u c t iv i t y Ve r y Hi g h Fr e q u e n c y Po w er High Bea m Quality , Fine Bea m Contr ol Ne u t r o n Sp a l l a t i o n So u r c e s High Bea m P owe r EPS HEP2003 New Ac ce l. Te chniques, Table -top Acc el. VH P owe r Spallation, Ra dio Ac tive Isotope s Wa ste Tra nsm uta tion, Ener gy P roduction Fr e e El e c t r o n La s e r s Medic al a nd Industria l 2 High Power Hadron Beams Spallation neutrons Radioactive Ions Waste Treatment Energy Production Inertial Fusion Materials Irradiation Present Generation of HP p Accelerators EPS HEP2003 4 Technology advances for High Power Hadron Beams Sources: high current, high brightness RFQs : low b, high efficiency, brightness, SC devices being developed SC RF : low b , optimization of warm-cold mix, reliability of large high field systems tested in HE install. RF Power Generators : new HF components (Klystrons..) developed and tested for Colliders EPS HEP2003 5 Progress in SC RF systems Large SC systems in operation 0,35 GeV Linac 1 GeV re-circulated Linac EPS HEP2003 6 Typical SC Linac Schematic Layout n Factory CERN SC Linac design LEP type SC Cavities EPS HEP2003 7 ADTF (Accelerator Driven Test Facility) SC Linac Design ANL 2-gap Injector& spoke 350 MHz LEDA RFQ b=0.175 6.7 MeV Courtesy C. Pagani EPS HEP2003 350 MHz 3-gap spoke b=0.20 14 MeV 700 MHz 3-gap spoke b=0.34 44 MeV 5-cell elliptical b=0.48 109 MeV 5-cell elliptical b=0.64 211 MeV 600 MeV 13.3-mA ANL 8 needs high peak current, high brightness p, Hor heavy ion beams Neutron Spall sources - title Neutron production energy window EPS HEP2003 9 Science with neutrons EPS HEP2003 ESS Scientific Case 1 10 Science with neutrons EPS HEP2003 ESS Scientific Case 2 11 Major spallation sources European Spallation Source (ESS) 2 x 5 MW QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Warm design Superconducting in evaluation Ongoing study 1.4 MW Superconducting Fully operational in 2007 EPS HEP2003 SNS (Oak Ridge) 12 Trans Uranic Elements Accelerator Transmutation of Waste Fission Fragment s EPS HEP2003 13 ccelerator ransmutation of aste • A high power proton accelerator produces spallation neutrons in a heavy metal target. • The target is at center of “blanket” region (“transmuter”) filled with chemically separated long-lived transuranics and fission products • Subcritical : fissionable transuranics arranged such that chain reactions cannot be sustained without an external n source EPS HEP2003 14 Accelerator Transmutation of waste HOW Pu & long lived Minor Act’s & long lived ransmutation of 0,15 % Stable & short lived SPENT FUEL aste 0,95 % U 95,6 % 3,3 % FISSION PRODUCTS Transmuter EPS HEP2003 15 ccelerator TransmutTransmutation initial demo of confaste j Reliability ! 10 to 40 MW proton beam 1 GeV , 10 to 40 mA, CW EPS HEP2003 16 The 30 MW TRASCO linac 80 keV 5 MeV 100 MeV Proton Source RFQ Intermediate energy linac Source RFQ ISCL Microwave RF Source High current (35 mA) 80 keV 90% transmission 30 mA, 5 MeV 5-100 MeV Intermediate Energy Super Conducting Linac With reentrant (or QWR) cavities Single type cavity string 8bl focussing EPS HEP2003 ~200 MeV 3 sect. ~500 MeV high energy >1000 MeV SC linac High Energy SC Linac 3 section linac: – 100-190 MeV, b=0.5 – 190-450 MeV, b=0.65 – 450-1600 MeV, b=0.85 Five(six) cell elliptical cavities Quadrupole doublet focusing: multi– cavity cryostats between doublets – 352.2 MHz (CERN/LEP) – 704.4 MHz 17 Cryomodule design Cryomodule engineering studies – Based on TTF/CEBAF/CERN experience – Sliding cavity fixtures – Single thermal shield with integrated cooling pipes: “finger welds” – Integration of cavity ancillaries (e.g. Tuner) CEBAF derived TESLA derived 18 A Multi Purpose Facility The CONCERT Complex MW m, n Factory 4 LP Spall. S. 5 Waste Transm. 5 1 R.Ion Facility Irradiation 10 25 EPS HEP2003 19 High intensity Ion Driven Inertial Fusion “The ultimate challenge of accelerator physics” “The ultimate accelerator physics challenge” Pav ~ 200 MW SC Dipoles Induction Linac Bunchers 1 per species, 24 beams each mm “the ultimate challenge for1-1,6 accelerator physics “ ? (to scale) SC Dipoles 4 MJ/ pulse spot size Indirectly driven target 10 ns 50 Hz 3x2 rings 2x12x3 synchronization stages EPS HEP2003 3x16 ion sources Main DTL Linac 3 Ion species HIDIF Study Group 20 New High Power Accelerator Designs Radioactive Ions Project RIA EURISOL KEK/ JAERI AUSTRON Based ANL Saclay Tokai Beam Power (MW) 0,4 5 Energy (GeV) 0,9 1 Rep Rate (Hz) n Factory Neutron Spallation Multipurpose SNS ESS SPL Austria Oak Ridge Jülich CERN Korea Saclaly 0,4 0,5 1.4 2x 5 4 20 3 1,6 1 1,33 2,2 1 ATW KOMAC CONCERT TRASCO Ion Tritium driven Fusion ATF HIDIF Italy Los Alamos GSI 25 30 100 ~200 1 1 1 10 25 50 60 50 50 CW CW CW CW 50 synchro- synchroDT or SC Main Accelerator SC Linac SC Linac SC linac SC Linac SC Linac SC Linac SC Linac SC Linac DT Linac tron tron linac Start constr. Ongoing Ongoing Operation Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Status Approved 2004 study study 2007 study study study study study study study EPS HEP2003 CW 21 Hadrons for Therapy Extremely precisely controlled beams Therapy oriented optimization Economics of running the facility Hospital level reliability Decades of accelerator physics and engineering know-how Hadron Therapy EPS HEP2003 Planned In Operation 23 GSI beam-scanning technique: any shape Plastic sheets immersed in water The ions deposit the bulk of their energy in the target volume. E and I changed within a second. An independent control system monitors the beam position every 100 ms and intensity every 10 ms. If either deviates by > 2% from spec, beam is shut off within 0.5 ms. TERA CERN INFN Design protons ions Hadron Therapy photons EPS HEP2003 C ions G S I s i m u l a t i o n T E R A 24 Synchrotron Radiation Sources “the most important spin-off of HEP storage rings” 20 000 Users Worldwide PM Linear undulator Brilliance is the word UB : photons/mm2/s/mrad2/ 0.1% BW) 1021 PM Elliptical undulator Undulators UB 1015 SPring8 APS Hard X-rays 109 Wigglers ESRF Bending magnets Rotating anode 1900 EPS HEP2003 1950 Courtesy of Lenny Rivkin, PSI 2000 J.-L. Laclare 26 PERFORMANCE OF 3th GENERATION LIGHT SOURCES ~10 nm ~1 nm ~1 Å DIFFRACTION LIMIT Circ. acc upper limit (?) Medium E 3d Gen. LS ESRF APS Spring-8 Because of radiation, in circular machines emittance, bunch length, energy spread are determined by the lattice, PHOTON ENERGY [eV] EPS HEP2003 Courtesy of Lenny Rivkin, PSI 27 Linear vs Circular The brightness depends on the geometry of the source, i.e., on the electron beam emittance In a storage ring, the electrons continuously emit photons. This “warms up” the electron beam and negatively affects its geometry Controlling the electron beam geometry is much easier in a linear accelerator. Thus, linac sources can reach higher brightness levels EPS HEP2003 courtesy of L.Rivkin, SLS 28 Energy-recovery LINAC sources However, contrary to the electrons in a storage ring, the electrons in a LINAC produce photons only once: the power cost is too high Solution: recovering energy Accelerating section EPS HEP2003 courtesy of L.Rivkin, SLS Energyrecovery section Superconducting is ideal 29 New Sources meV • FEL oscillators (IR, VUV) l mm • Inverse-Compton-scattering table-top sources • Energy-recovery Linac based sources (ERL) 10 KeV EPS HEP2003 hn • Self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) X-ray FELs Å 30 IR, UV Free Electron Lasers SR or LINAC DRIVEN OSCILLATORS. ENERGY RECOVERY A P P L I C A T I O N S Spontaneous emission FEL Oscillator Principle of operation ~ Spontaneous radiation resonance condition: the electron slips back by l every lu because of e - photon speed difference l(=0) ~ lu/ 2 l~lu/2 >l < u Linear Accelerator electron Beam TUNABLE ! (B, ) Undulator Magnetic Field Resonator Mirror EPS HEP2003 Stimulated emission 32 EUFELE Storage Ring driven FEL Oscillator Pave = 500 mW @ 250 nm => Bpeak ~ 3 ·1024 UB (*) , Full spatial coherence Dll = 3 ·10-4 FWHM Lc= 0.8 mm DT= 10 ps FWHM-> sL= 3 mm Rep. Rate 4.6 MHz (216 ns) Ppeak = 10 kW EUFELE S R- FEL l=190 nm Mirrors ! EPS HEP2003 33 Courtesy B. Diviacco (ELETTRA) FEL for Industrial Applications Beam Energy recovery > 90% EPS HEP2003 E= 48 MeV t=0,4 ps e=8 10-6 m 1.7 KW average 34 FELs for Industrial Applications T. Jefferson Laboratory High Power Demo FELs 10 KW “Powerful, multipurpose free-electron lasers (FELs) driven by electron SRF accelerators prospectively represent substantial, cost-effective new manufacturing capabilities for industry.” (G.R.Neil, TJ Lab) Polymer surface processing: Micromachining Metal surface processing “amorphization” to enhance adhesion, fabric surface texturing, enhanced food packaging, induced surface conductivity. ultrahigh-density CD-ROM technology, micro-optical components Micro-Electrical Mechanical Systems (MEMS). laser glazing for corrosion resistance and adhesion pre-treatments. Electronic materials processing large-area processing (flat-panel displays) laser-based“cluster tool” for combined deposition, etching, and insitu diagnostics. and: ........medical isotope production, fusion, .................. EPS HEP2003 36 IR-UV Free-electron laser for environmental and atmospheric research University of Hawaii Pan-Oceanic Environmental & Atmospheric R esearch Laboratory EPS HEP2003 37 PEARL - Free-electron laser applications in environmental and atmospheric research LIDAR University of Hawaii Pan-Oceanic Environmental & Atmospheric R esearch Laboratory University of Hawaii EPS HEP2003 38 Free-electron laser and the Space Elevator The space elevator is essentially a cable with one end attached to Earth and the other end above geosynchronous altitude. Once in place the cable can be ascended with mechanical climbers. Major component of the SE is the power delivery system. “”.....for delivery of high power at great distances a FEL appears to be the obvious choice ......” pro: con: · Minimal impact on cable or climber · High power available · Primary system located on Earth · Mature technology · susceptible to clouds EPS HEP2003 39 Eureka Scientific, Berkeley, CA) Free-electron laser ( less exotic) Space application Laser-power beaming to generate electricity in satellites is being seriously considered. Using the same solar panels now in operation, the electrical power deliverable to a satellite is expected to increase by as much as a factor of ten by using a FEL. Free-electron lasers in Surgery (and other medical applications) Most used wavelength band : IR Main features that make a FEL a unique tool for surgical and medical applications : Tunability “Tunability is the most critical attribute of FEL technology.” ( wavelength, power and pulse duration ) Coherence ( spot size ...) Time structure Free-electron lasers 2 in Surgery and Medical diagnostics Tunability Soft tissue vaporization l 6.45 mm EPS HEP2003 42 CSX Source Collimated, intense, quasi monochromatic X-ray beam The electron beam is generated by a 75 MeV/m NLC type Linac section EPS HEP2003 43 Towards Soft X-ray Sources SASE FELs Self-amplified spontaneous emission. X-ray free-electron lasers (SASE X-FEL’s) No mirrors X-ray lasers: no mirrors no optical cavity need for one-pass high optical amplification R.Bakker SASE strategy: Long Wiggler electron bunch LINAC (linear accelerator) “Microbunching increases the local electron density and the amplification and creates very short pulses L.Rivkin, SLS EPS HEP2003 45 LEUTL (ANL) 530 nm TTF SASE FEL EPS HEP2003 47 TTF2 (DESY) Goal: ≤ 6 nm 2004 EPS HEP2003 48 Many SASE FEL projects are under way … YEAR NAME INSTITUTE l [nm] 2000 2000 2004 2006 2008 2008 2011 TTF1 LEUTL TTF2 SCSS LCLS BESSY X-FEL DESY ARGONNE DESY SPRING-8 SLAC BESSY DESY 90 530 24-6 30-20 0.15 100-20 0.1 Why Hard X-ray Sources ERL Sources , SASE FELs Protein Data Bank X-rays: NMR: EPS HEP2003 82% Dominate! 18% courtesy of L.Rivkin, SLS 51 ...engineering too ! 60 KeV X-ray Diffraction study of residual stress profiles in a US railway section. Transverse (Y) (MPa) Vertical (Z) EPS HEP2003 Courtesy of D.J. Hughes FaME38 (Facility for Materials Engineering), Grenoble 52 Protein crystallography Typical crystal size: 50 mm by 50 mm Protein Structure Reconstruction Low divergence e.g (0.2 x 0.2 mrad) required for high resolution very high brilliance Diffraction pattern N. Ban et. al. EPS HEP2003 Part of a Ribosome 53 courtesy of L.Rivkin, SLS What electron beam quality does it take to operate a SASE X-ray FEL? Electron beam requirements from a) to c) a factor of ~ 1000 in Ipeak/e c) b) a) TTF SASE FEL operation EPS HEP2003 54 Low Emittance Injectors Evolution of injector electron gun emittance TTF SASE FEL : First Saturation Warning: depends on bunch peak current M.Ferrario for the SLC first LinColl SLC (SLAC) Thermionic injectors With sub-harmonic bunchers BOEING Photoinjectors BNL LANL-APEX LANL-AFEL BNL/UCLA/SLAC EPS HEP2003 Goal 56 CRITICAL COMPONENTS OF A SASE FEL SMALL EMITTANCE RF Photoinjector e Gun SHORT BUNCH ACCELERATING STRUCTURES SC AND CW TESLA (DESY) SC Cavity developed for Lin Coll RF photoinjector developed for FEL PITZ (Zeuthen) adopted by FEL adopted by LinColl BNL/SLAC 1.6 cell S-band RF Gun courtesy of D. T. Palmer EPS HEP2003 58 Compensation of emittance blow up at low energy by space charge forces z= 0.23 891 z= 1.5 z= 10 0.0 5 0.0 4 0.0 4 0 pr_ [rad] 0.0 2 Pr Pr 0.0 2 0 -0. 02 0 -0. 02 -0. 04 -0. 04 -0. 05 0 3.5 0.0 01 0.0 02 0.0 03 0.0 04 0.0 05 0.0 06 R [m] 0 0.0 008 0.0 016 0.0 024 0.0 032 0.0 04 0 0.0 008 0.0 016 0.0 024 0.0 032 R [m] 0.0 04 R_ [m] 3 rms normalized emittance [mm] norm. emittance [um] rmsrms beam size [mm] rms beam s ize [mm] 2.5 2 1.5 Final emittance = 0.4 mm 1 0.5 Gun Linac 0 0 2 4 z= 1.5 zZ_[m] (m) 6 8 10 Z= 10 0.0 04 0.0 035 0.0 035 0.0 03 0.0 03 0.0 03 0.0 025 0.0 025 0.0 025 0.0 01 0.0 005 0.0 04 0.0 035 Rs [m] 0.0 02 0.0 015 Rs [m] Rs [m] z= 0.23 891 0.0 04 S-band Linac: HOMDYN simulation from photo injector to 150 MeV, (RF Gun + 2 Travelling Wave Accelerating Sections) 0.0 02 0.0 015 0 -0. 003 -0. 002 -0. 001 0 0.0 01 0.0 01 0.0 005 0.0 005 0.0 01 0.0 02 0.0 03 Zs -Zb [m] 0.0 02 0.0 015 0 -0. 003 -0. 002 -0. 001 0 0.0 01 0.0 02 0.0 03 Zs -Zb [ m] 0 -0. 003 -0. 002 -0. 001 0 0.0 01 0.0 02 0.0 03 Zs -Zb [ m] M. Ferrario’s working point, to be used for the LCLS and TTF-FEL II injectors (1997 - 2002) Performance of the TTF Photo-injector Laser System TESLA specs. A far from trivial development EPS HEP2003 Max-Born-Institut Berlin & DESY 60 Cathode production at INFN Milano-LASA Photocathode for TTF QE % Installed on a FNAL-TTF Gun at FNAL to TESLA specifications Quantum efficiency distribution over cathode surface. As produced. EPS HEP2003 Several months lifetime at high QE 61 OUTLOOK / NEXT GENERATION LIGHT SOURCES USER DESIRES Single shot imaging of single biomolecular complexes Ribosome MPG Time resolved studies of structural processes during chemical and biological reactions Light induced structural changes during photocycle EPS HEP2003 62 courtesy of L.Rivkin, SLS 4th Generation X-ray Sources The Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) ≤ 0.3 mm emittance (80 pC) 5-7 GeV Super conducting energy recovery Linac Cornell with a SC RF system and energy recovery. r =Pbeam/ PRF > > 200 EPS HEP2003 I. Bazarov et al. , CHESS Techn.Memo 01-003 Extraordinary flux. Extraordinary brilliance, adjustable via the photo injector. Picoseconds bunch lengths. Great flexibility in the timing of the bunch sequences. TESLA SC Cavities Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompr es sed) decompr es s or are needed to s ee this pic ture. 63 ERL ERL Short Pulse Performance ps EPS HEP2003 64 THE UK ERL LIGHT SOURCE DESIGN , UK EPS HEP2003 65 SASE FEL UNBEATABLE BRILLIANCE 27 10 26 10 25 10 24 10 23 10 22 10 21 10 20 10 19 10 18 10 17 10 16 10 15 10 14 2 Average Brightness [Photons/sec/mm /mrad /0.1%BW] (1030 - 1033) 10 2 HIGH AVERAGE BRILLIANCE (1022 - 1025) SHORT PULSES (1 ps – 50 fs) TESLA FEL TTF-FEL (M) SLAC LCLS ESRF SLS Spring 8 AP S BESSYII, ALS 0.01 Bends 0.1 1 10 100 Photon energy [keV] EPS HEP2003 66 TESLA XFEL at DESY user facility 0.85-60 Å 3 compressors multiple undulators EPS HEP2003 67 X-ray FEL Scientific Case (LCLS) TESLA TDR EPS HEP2003 68 LCLS at SLAC 1.5-15 Å 2 compressors LCLS one undulator X-FEL based on last 1-km of existing SLAC linac EPS HEP2003 69 4th Generation X-ray Sources New Acceleration Techniques “Advancing the Accelerator Art” (A. Sessler ) The maximum achievable accelerating field determines not only the accelerator cost per GeV, an all important parameter for VHE LinColl, but also its physical dimensions, crucial for most applications (e.g. medical instruments). R&D on the next generation “warm” LinColl has therefore led to the development of very high frequency, high field RF systems and of their power drivers. NLC/JLC: 11.4 GHz, 75 MV/m (unloaded) an its MW Klystrons Application CLIC: 30 GHz, >150MV/m (unloaded), and a novel two-beam powering scheme EPS HEP2003 71 New Acceleration Techniques “Advancing the Accelerator Art” (A. Sessler ) New technology ( and a great deal of Physics ! ): Laser or e-beam driven plasma wake fields are in the main R&D line (triggered originally by dev’pt of table–top TW lasers). Field gradients > 150 GV/m can be reached Plasma oscillation wavelengths and longitudinal field values can be estimated from 1015 cm3 lp [mm] no Ez 100 no [V / m] no =plasma density Peak laser powers today reach up to 100 TW with focused intensities of 1020 W / cm2 . Future 6 orders of magnitude higher intensities could produce, according to some possibly optimistic authors, very bright, 100 TeV, sub-picosecond intense e- pulses in a few cm. Applications would certainly quite revolutionary EPS HEP2003 72 Maximum acceleration with intense beams: Plasma Wakefield Accelerator (PWFA) Defocusi ng Focusi ng - - --- -- - -- - - -- - -- --- - -- - -- -- - - -- - -- -- Decelerat ing - - -- z e- driv e bunch - - --- r elec tr on beam Ez Accelerat ing • Plasma wave/wake excited by a single relativistic electron bunch • Plasma e- expelled by space charge forces => energy loss, focusing • Plasma e- rush back on axis, induction field => energy gain • Plasma Wakefield Accelerator (PWFA) = Beam Energy Transformer Booster for high energy accelerator? Courtesy of J. Rosenzweig (UCLA) 73 Plasma Wakefield Accelerator (PWFA) Scheme: a leading bunch generates the plasma wave to accelerate a smaller trailing bunch. In the extreme non-linear, ‘blow-out’ regime, when all electrons are effectively swept from the beam path, the positive ions provide transverse focusing. Example: The “SLC afterburner” proposal(1) to double the SLC energy 3 nC drive bunches generated by the present SLAC linac are compressed by a factor of ~10, to ≈60 mm length. The trailing bunch acceleration is computed to be 8 GeV/m over a 7 m long plasma cell, totalling ≈ 56 GeV and thus doubling the present SLC energy The %6 GeV beam energy spread is 20% and the required transverse bunch size to be obtained by means of plasma lenses is ≈ 1 mm ( well below the resolution of present tracking programmes). Beam stabilty and operabilty of the plasma lenses are open questions. (1) S.Lee et al., Pys.Rev ST AB 5 01001 (2002), http://prst-ab.aps.org/pdf/PRSTAB/v5/i1/e011001 Courtesy of J. Rosenzweig (UCLA) 74