Transcript Chapter 7 Chapter 7: Configuring Server Storage, Backup, and Performance Options Learning Objectives Chapter 7     Explain basic and dynamic disks Partition, format, and manage basic disks and convert.

Chapter 7
Chapter 7:
Configuring Server Storage,
Backup, and Performance
Options
Learning Objectives
Chapter 7
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Explain basic and dynamic disks
Partition, format, and manage basic
disks and convert them to dynamic
disks
Create and manage simple, spanned,
striped, RAID-5, and mirrored dynamic
disks
Mount a drive
Learning Objectives (continued)
Chapter 7
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Manage removable storage and set up
media pools
Perform disk backups
Tune server performance
Configure Windows 2000 Server for an
uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
Basic Disk
Chapter 7
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Uses traditional disk management
techniques
Is partitioned and formatted
Can be set up to employ disk sets
Offered for backward compatibility with
earlier versions of Windows and MSDOS
Disk Partitioning
Chapter 7
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Blocks a group of tracks and sectors in
preparation for a file system
Places a master boot record and
partition table in the beginning track and
sectors on a disk
Partitioning Tip
Chapter 7
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When you partition a basic disk, leave
1 MB free for workspace which is
necessary to later convert to a
dynamic disk
Customizing the MMC
for Disk Management
Chapter 7
Figure 7-1
Disk Management and Disk Defragmenter snap-ins installed in the MMC
Primary and Extended Partitions
Chapter 7
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Primary partition: A partition or portion of
a hard disk that is bootable
Extended Partition: A partition that is
created from unpartitioned free disk
space and is linked to a primary partition
in order to increase the available disk
space
Setting Up an Extended Partition
Chapter 7
Figure 7-2 Creating an extended partition
Boot and System Partitions
Chapter 7
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Boot partition: A partition that holds the
Windows 2000 Server \Winnt folder
containing the system files
System partition: A partition that
contains boot files, such as Boot.ini and
Ntldr in Windows 2000 Server
Viewing the System and
Boot Partitions
Chapter 7
Figure 7-3 System and boot partitions
Formatting
Chapter 7
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Formatting creates a table containing
file and folder information for a specific
file system in a partition – it also creates
a root folder and volume label
Use the Disk Management tool to format
a partition
Formatting Using the Disk
Management Tool
Chapter 7
Figure 7-4 Formatting a partition
Formatting Tips
Chapter 7
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When you format a partition, avoid using
the quick format option, because it does
not check for bad sectors during the
format
After you partition and format a disk, be
sure to update the emergency repair
disk to reflect your change
Volume and Stripe Sets
Chapter 7
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Volume set: Two or more formatted
basic disk partitions (volumes) that are
combined to look like one volume with
a single drive letter
Stripe set: Two or more basic disks set
up so that files are spread in blocks
across the disks
Converting a Basic Disk to
a Dynamic Disk
Chapter 7
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To convert a disk:
 Right-click
the basic disk to convert
 Click Upgrade to Dynamic Disk
Converting a Dynamic Disk
to a Basic Disk
Chapter 7
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To convert back to a basic disk:
 Back
up the dynamic disk
 Delete the dynamic disk volume
 Click the disk, click the Action menu, and
click Restore Basic Disk
 Partition and format the disk
Dynamic Disks
Chapter 7
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Dynamic disk: In Windows 2000 Server,
a disk that does not use traditional
partitioning, which means that there is
no restriction to the number of volumes
that can be set up on one disk or the
ability to extend volumes onto additional
physical disks. Dynamic disks are only
compatible with Windows 2000.
Dynamic Disks (continued)
Chapter 7
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Dynamic disks support:
 Spanned
volumes and volume extensions
 Up to 32 disks in one spanned volume
 RAID levels 0, 1, and 5
 FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS
Simple Volume
Chapter 7
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Simple volume: A portion of a disk or an
entire disk that is set up as a dynamic
disk
A simple volume is not set up for fault
tolerance or RAID
Spanned Volume
Chapter 7
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Spanned volume: Two or more
Windows 2000 dynamic disks that are
combined to appear as one disk
A spanned volume can contain 2 to 32
disks
Spanned Volume (continued)
Chapter 7
2 GB
2 GB
3 GB
4 GB
11 GB spanned volume
Figure 7-5 Spanned volume
Design Tip
Chapter 7
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In a spanned volume if one disk fails,
the entire volume is inaccessible. If a
portion of a volume is deleted, such as
one disk, the entire disk set is deleted.
For these reasons, avoid placing
mission-critical data and applications on
a spanned volume.
Striped Volume
Chapter 7
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Striped volume: Two or more dynamic
disks that use striping so that files are
spread in blocks across the disks (RAID
level 0)
Striping requires 2 disks and can
include as many as 32
Striping equalizes the disk load, extends
the life of disks, and increases disk
performance
Striped Volume Layout
Chapter 7
Disk 1
Disk 2
Disk 3
Disk 4
Disk 5
Row 1
1-64 KB
65-128 KB
129-192 KB
193-256 KB
257-320 KB
Row 2
321-384 KB
385-448 KB
449-512 KB
513-576 KB
577-640 KB
Row 3
641-704 KB
704-720 KB
Figure 7-6 Disks in a striped volume
Troubleshooting Tip
Chapter 7
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If one or more disks in a striped volume
fail, the data will likely be inaccessible.
Frequently back up a striped volume so
you do not lose data if a disk failure
occurs.
RAID-5 Volume
Chapter 7
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RAID-5 volume: Three or more dynamic
disks that use RAID level 5 fault
tolerance through disk striping and
creating parity blocks for data recovery
A RAID-5 volume is not as fast at writing
because it must calculate the parity
block for each row
RAID-5 Layout
Chapter 7
Disk 1
Disk 2
Disk 3
Disk 4
Disk 5
Row 1
Parity block
1-64 KB
65-128 KB
129-192 KB
193-256 KB
Row 2
257-320 KB
Parity block
321-384 KB
385-448 KB
449-512 KB
Row 3
513-576 KB
577-640 KB
Parity block
641-704 KB
Figure 7-7 Disks in a RAID-5 volume
704-720 KB
Disk Spaced Used for Parity
Chapter 7
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The amount of disk space used for
parity is 1/n where n equals the number
of physical disks
When you plan disk capacity, take into
account the amount of space (for parity)
that cannot be used for production data
Design Tip
Chapter 7
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If you create a RAID-5 volume, add at
least 12 MB or more of RAM, because
RAID-5 functions need more memory
Mirrored Volume
Chapter 7
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Mirrored volume: Two dynamic disks that
are set up for RAID level 1 so that data
on one disk is stored on a redundant disk
Disk read performance is the same as
reading from a simple volume, but the
disk write time is increased in order to
write on both disks
Design Caution
Chapter 7
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The system and boot partitions can be on
a simple, spanned, or mirrored volume,
but not on a striped or RAID-5 volume
(unless hardware RAID is used)
Disk Performance and Repair
Chapter 7
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Avoid allowing disks to get over 80
percent full
You can extend the life of disks by using
striped or RAID-5 volumes
Regularly defragment disks to extend
disk life and increase performance
Using the Disk Defragmenter
Chapter 7
Figure 7-8 Analyzing a disk’s fragmentation
Troubleshooting Tip
Chapter 7
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Ensure disk integrity and repair disk
problems by using the “checkdisk” utility,
called chkdsk
Chkdsk can check FAT16, FAT32, and
NTFS formatted volumes
Chkdsk
Chapter 7
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In NTFS, chkdsk can check:
 Files
 Folders
 Indexes
 Security
descriptors
 User files
 Disk allocation units
Chkdsk Switch and
Parameter Options
Chapter 7
Switch/Parameter
Purpose
[volume] (such as C:)
Specifies that chkdsk only check the designated volume
[filename] (such as *.dll)
Enables a check of the specified file or files only
/c
For NTFS only, chkdsk uses an abbreviated check of the
folder structure
/f
Instructs chkdsk to fix errors that it finds and locks the disk
while checking
/i
For NTFS only, chkdsk uses an abbreviated check of indexes
Chkdsk Switch and
Parameter Options (continued)
Chapter 7
Switch/Parameter
Purpose
/L:size
For NTFS only, enables you to specify the size of the log file
created by the disk check
/r
Searches for bad sectors, fixes problems, and recovers
information (if possible, or use the Recover command
afterwards)
/v
On FAT shows the entire path name of files; on NTFS shows
cleanup messages associated with errors
/x
Dismounts or locks a volume before starting (/f also
dismounts or locks a volume)
Troubleshooting Tip
Chapter 7
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If there is physical damage on a disk,
use chkdsk with the /r switch to identify
bad sectors
Use Recover to recover files on a
damaged disk:
 Recover
[driver and path] filename
Mounted Drive
Chapter 7
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Mounted drive: A physical disk, CDROM, or Zip drive that appears as a
folder and that is accessed through a
path like any other folder
Using mounted drives enables you to
save on allocating drive letters
Removable Storage
Chapter 7
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Examples of removable storage include:
 CD-ROMs
 CD-RWs
 Magnetic
disks
media such as tapes and Zip
Library Concepts
Chapter 7
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Library: Removable storage media and the
drive (or drives) used by the media
Robotic library: A library of removable media
and drives in which multiple media, such as
tapes, can be mounted and dismounted
automatically
Stand-alone drive library: A library consisting
of media and a drive in which the media are
mounted manually one at a time
Media Pool Concepts
Chapter 7
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Media pool: A set of removable media in
which the media are used for the same
purpose and that are managed in the
same way, such as backup tapes for a
Windows 2000 server
Media in each library are managed as
part of a media pool
Media Classification
Chapter 7
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Physical media: Media you can touch,
such as tapes and that are linked to a
library (most common classification)
Logical media: Media that can hold
information from two different media
pools, such as a tape that has backup
information from multiple media pools
Creating a Media Pool
Chapter 7
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The steps for creating a media pool are:
 Open
the Removable Storage Management tool
 Double-click Removable Storage, right-click
Media Pools, click Create Media Pool
 Access the General tab and enter a name for
the media pool, enter a description, specify the
type of media, and specify how the media are
allocated
 Use the Security tab to specify who can access
and manage the media pool
Media Pool Setup
Chapter 7
Figure 7-9 Setting up a new media pool
Backing Up a Server
Chapter 7
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Develop a backup strategy as soon as
possible
Consider your backup activities as missioncritical
Windows 2000 Backup Options
Chapter 7
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The backup options in Windows 2000
Server include:
– a full backup
 Incremental – a partial backup (removes
the archive attribute)
 Differential – a partial backup (does not
remove the archive attribute
 Copy – backs up specifically selected files
 Daily – backs up files that have changed
on the day of the backup
 Normal
Starting a Backup
Chapter 7
Figure 7-10 Manually starting a backup
Scheduling Backups
Chapter 7
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For regularly performed backups, use
the scheduling capability in the Backup
tool – which actually employs the
Scheduled Tasks tool
Configuring a Scheduled Backup
Chapter 7
Figure 7-11 Scheduling a backup job
Performing a Restore
Chapter 7
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Perform a restore by using the Backup
tool and clicking the Restore tab
You can restore all files and folders on a
medium or only those you select
specifically
Configuring Application
Performance
Chapter 7
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Tune the server performance by
configuring application performance
Application performance is tuned by
opening the Control Panel System icon,
accessing the Advanced tab, and
clicking the Performance Options button
Configuring Virtual Memory
Chapter 7
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Tune a server by configuring the page
file, which is used to expand the
capacity of RAM
The general formula for configuring a
page file is to size it to match the
amount of RAM times 1.5
Page File Configuration Tips
Chapter 7
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Avoid placing the page file on the boot
partition or volume
Place a page file in each volume in a
multiple volume system
Place a page file on the main volume in
a mirrored set
Do not place a page file on a stripe set,
striped volume, strip set with parity, or
RAID-5 volume
Page File Configuration
Chapter 7
Figure 7-12 Configuring virtual memory
Configuring Memory to
Match the User Load
Chapter 7
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Tune a server so the memory is
allocated to match the number of users
and the main functions of the server
(access by users, access to run
processes, access to obtain files)
Configuring Server RAM
Chapter 7
Optimizing Memory Settings
Purpose
Minimize memory used
Optimizes the memory used on servers with
10 or fewer simultaneous network users
Balance
Optimizes memory use for a small LAN with
64 or fewer users
Maximize data throughput for file
Used for a large network with 64 users or
sharing
more where file serving resources need more
memory allocation to make the server efficient
Configuring Server
RAM (continued)
Chapter 7
Optimizing Memory Settings
Purpose
Maximize data throughput for network
Used in servers that primarily handle network
applications
connections and to reduce paging activity
when this affects server performance
Make browser broadcasts to LAN
Used for networks that have both Windows
manager 2.x clients
2000 Server and Microsoft’s early server
operating system, LAN Manager
Configuring RAM Allocation
Chapter 7
Figure 7-13 Adjusting memory allocation
UPS Fault Tolerance
Chapter 7
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Uninterruptible power supply (UPS): A
device built into electrical equipment or a
separate device that provides immediate
battery power to equipment during a
power failure or brownout
The dollars you spend on a UPS are
quickly returned in terms of the data that
is saved, grateful users, and reducing
hardware and software damage
Troubleshooting Tip
Chapter 7
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Avoid plugging laser printers into a
UPS, because their excessive power
consumption when turned on can
damage a UPS (also there is usually no
reason to protect a printer from a power
outage)
Always purchase an online UPS for a
server – and one that has ample line
filtering and surge protection
Chapter Summary
Chapter 7
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Windows 2000 Server supports two
kinds of disks, basic and dynamic
Basic disks are for backward
compatibility and dynamic disks offer
comprehensive disk management
Windows 2000 Server supports many
kinds of removable storage such as
tapes, CD-ROMs, CD-RWs, Zip, and
Jaz drives
Chapter Summary
Chapter 7
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Removable storage is managed through
libraries and media pools
Server backups are handled through the
Backup tool which offers several backup
alternatives
Tune your server right away for running
applications, virtual memory, and
memory used for network connectivity