Transcript Assistive technology Technology to assist patrons and staff who are deaf, hard-ofhearing, blind, have low vision, or are mobility-impaired LIS 670

Assistive technology
Technology to assist patrons and
staff who are deaf, hard-ofhearing, blind, have low vision, or
are mobility-impaired
LIS 670
Laws
Civil Rights Act
of 1964
Prohibited discrimination on basis of
race, religion, national origin.
Language model for later legislation
Architectural
Barriers Act of 1968
Rehabilitation Act of
1973
Federal buildings must be
accessible to persons with
disabilities.
Section 508 (added 1998)
mandates accessibility of
electronic and info. tech.
Americans with
Disabilities Act of 1990
Signed into law by
Pres. George Bush
(Sr.) on July 26, 1990.
Laws
Individuals with
Disabilities Education
Act of 1975
Americans with Disabilities
Act of 1990 - findings (1)
Codified as 42 U.S.C. 12101-12213
43 million Americans have one
or more physical or mental
disability
Historically, society has tended
to isolate individuals with
disabilities
http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/ch126.html
Americans with Disabilities
Act of 1990 - findings (2)
Discrimination against
individuals with disabilities
persists in employment,
housing, public
accommodations, education,
transportation, etc.
Need for legal recourse to
redress such discrimination
Americans with Disabilities
Act of 1990 - purpose (1)
Provide national mandate for
elimination of discrimination
against individuals with
disabilities
Provide consistent, enforceable
standards addressing
discrimination against individuals
with disabilities
Americans with Disabilities
Act of 1990 - purpose (2)
Ensure Federal Government plays
a central role in enforcing
standards
Invoke congressional authority to
address the major areas of
discrimination faced day-to-day
by people with disabilities
Americans with Disabilities Act
of 1990
Title I: Employment
“No covered entity shall discriminate against
a qualified individual with a disability
because of the disability of such individual
in regard to job application procedures, the
hiring, advancement, or discharge of
employees, employee compensation ...”
Must hire person who is blind to drive
bookmobile?
No
Automatically disqualify person with low
vision from cataloging?
No
Americans with Disabilities Act
of 1990
Title I: Employment
Automatically disqualify person with low
vision from cataloging?
No
Americans with Disabilities Act
of 1990
Title II: State and local government
activities & public transportation
Title III: Public accommodations
and services operated by private
entities (including libraries)
Disability - ADA definition
42 U.S.C. 12102
A. A physical or mental impairment
that substantially limits one or
more of the major life activities
of the individual
B. A record of such an impairment;
or
C. Being regarded as having such
an impairment
Note: B and C related to ability to seek redress for discrimination
ADA Amendments Act of 2008
FINDINGS
“... the holdings of the
Supreme Court ... have
narrowed the broad scope of
protection intended to be
afforded by the ADA, thus
eliminating protection for many
individuals whom Congress
intended to protect ... ”
ADA Amendments Act of 2008
“to reject the requirement enunciated
by the Supreme Court in Sutton v.
United Air Lines ... that whether an
impairment substantially limits a major
life activity is to be determined with
reference to the ameliorative effects of
mitigating measures; ”
“to reject the Supreme Court's reasoning
in Sutton v. United Air Lines...”
“to reject the standards enunciated by
the Supreme Court in Toyota Motor
Manufacturing...”
ADA Amendments Act of 2008
“Major life activities.--
"(A) In general.--For purposes of paragraph (1),
major life activities include, but are not limited to,
caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing,
hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting,
bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading,
concentrating, thinking, communicating, and
working.
"(B) Major bodily functions.--For purposes of
paragraph (1), a major life activity also includes the
operation of a major bodily function, including but
not limited to, functions of the immune system,
normal cell growth, digestive, bowel, bladder,
neurological, brain, respiratory, circulatory,
endocrine, and reproductive functions. ”
ADA Amendments Act of 2008
“The definition of disability in
this Act shall be construed in
favor of broad coverage of
individuals under this Act... ”
ADA Amendments Act of 2008
“The determination of whether an
impairment substantially limits a
major life activity shall be made
without regard to the ameliorative
effects of mitigating measures such
as-"(I) medication, medical supplies, equipment, or appliances, lowvision devices (which do not include ordinary eyeglasses or contact
lenses), prosthetics including limbs and devices, hearing aids and
cochlear implants or other implantable hearing devices, mobility
devices, or oxygen therapy equipment and supplies;
"(II) use of assistive technology;
"(III) reasonable accommodations or auxiliary aids or services; or
"(IV) learned behavioral or adaptive neurological modifications. ”
http://www.access-board.gov/about/laws/ada-amendments.htm
Genetic Information
Nondiscrimination Act of 2008
(GINA)
“The law forbids discrimination on
the basis of genetic information
when it comes to any aspect of
employment, including hiring, firing,
pay, job assignments, promotions,
layoffs, training, fringe benefits, or
any other term or condition of
employment. ”
Reasonable accommodation
42 U.S.C. 12111 (9)
A. Making existing facilities used
by employees readily accessible
to and usable by individuals
with disabilities; and
B. Job restructuring … acquisition
or modification of equipment or
devices
Note: Without undue hardship ("requiring significant difficulty
or expense when considered in light of overall financial
resources of the facility, type of operations, etc.")
ADA Home Page
http://www.ada.gov/
http://www.ada.gov/stdspdf.htm
ADA Standards for
Accessible Design
28 Code of Regulations (CFR) Part 36 Appendix A
Sets forth
guidelines for
ramps, doorways,
drinking fountains,
bathroom facilities,
aisle widths,
signage, etc.
http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/stdspdf.htm
ADA Standards for Accessible
Design
ADA Standards for Accessible
Design
4.4 Protruding Objects.
“Objects projecting from walls (for example, telephones) with their
leading edges between 27 in and 80 in (685 mm and 2030 mm)
above the finished floor shall protrude no more than 4 in (100 mm)
into walks, halls, corridors, passageways, or aisles”
ADA Standards for Accessible
Design
ALA Library Services for
People with Disabilities
Policy Resolution (1)
Approved January 16, 2001
"Libraries play a catalytic role
in the lives of people with
disabilities by facilitating their
full participation in society."
ALA Library Services for
People with Disabilities
Policy Resolution (2)
" Libraries should use
strategies based upon the
principles of universal design
to ensure that library policy,
resources, and services meet
the needs of all people."
http://www.ala.org/ala/ascla/asclaissues/libraryservices.htm
Technology for persons with
vision problems
Technology for persons with
vision impairments
Input problems
Keyboards not standardized
(Where's the backslash key?)
Mouse, trackball, touch pad and
touch screen require user to see
cursor or mouse indicator on
screen
Technology for persons with
vision impairments
Input solutions
Enhanced keyboards
Optical scanners
Talking screen programs
Voice recognition systems
Enhanced keyboards
Add-on orientation or Braille dots
Large-letter keys
Braille keyboards
Braille keyboard
http://www.sighted.com/english/elba2003.html
Optical scanners
Used with optical character
recognition programs
Talking book technology can be
used to create files that can then
be taken home by the user and
read on his or her machine
$2,595.00
Scanned text with voice
synthesizer technology
Proposition: IS THERE A SANTA CLAUS?
As a result of an overwhelming lack of requests, and
with research help from that renown scientific journal
SPY magazine (January, 1990) - I am pleased to
present the annual scientific inquiry into Santa Claus.
1. No known species of reindeer can fly. BUT there are
300,000 species of living organisms yet to be classified,
and while most of these are insects and germs, this
does not COMPLETELY rule out flying reindeer which
only Santa has ever seen…
http://www.kurzweiledu.com/files/santa-kate-200.mp3
Talking screen in concert
with traditional input devices
Use traditional mouse,
trackball, or touch pad but
talking screen program lets
user know where cursor is on
the screen
Voice recognition systems
Good for staff workstations
Not as good for public
terminals
(requires "training" the software
to recognize individual speech
patterns)
Technology for persons with
vision impairments
Output problems
Textual or graphic monitor
displays
Textual or graphic printouts
Technology for persons with
low vision
Output solutions
Screen magnification
Software to change color
Someor
people have
contrast
a reduced field of
Large- or small-text
vision. Decreasing
the size of the text
printers
helps them to see
more of the text on
the page.
Changing contrast with XP
Changing contrast with XP (2)
Changing contrast with XP (3)
Changing contrast with XP (4)
Screen magnification with XP (1)
Screen magnification with XP (2)
Windows 8
Windows 8
Windows 8
Technology persons who
are blind
Output solutions
Voice synthesizers
Tactile output
Braille printers
Braille displays
Microsoft narrator
Start  Run  type “narrator”
Refreshable Braille display
Refreshable Tactile graphic
display
Technology for persons with
restricted mobility
Technology for persons with
restricted mobility
Problems (1)
Repeating keys require quick
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
movement
Closely-set, upraised keys
ill-suited for mouth-held
instruments or hands with
limited control
Technology for the mobility
impaired
Problems (2)
Mouse requires holding down
button while moving mouse
Track balls and touch pads
require precision movements
Technology for the
mobility impaired
Problems (3)
Ctrl, Alt, and Shift keys must
be pressed simultaneously
with other keys
Technology for the mobility
impaired
Solutions (1)
Keyboard add-ons (keyguards)
convert raised to sunken keys
Software to allow sequential
key strokes
Software that prevents key
repeating
Sticky keys and filter keys with XP
StickyKeys - allows sequential
keystrokes

Ctrl
s
Will be read as Ctrl + s
FilterKeys - helps with typographical
errors

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n
Technology for the mobility
impaired
Solutions (2)
Alternative keyboards
Sip and puff systems (staff
workstation)
Alternative keyboards
Keyboards designed for use with
mouth stick or by unsteady fingers
Big keys
Sunken keys
Alternative keyboards
Single-handed keyboards - right
Alternative keyboards
Single-handed keyboards - left
Alternative keyboards
Single-finger/mouthstick
keyboards
On-screen keyboard
Programs
Documents
Settings
Search
Help
Run
Shut Down
Start




Accessories
Accessories

Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Powerpoint
Microsoft Word
On-screen keyboard
Accessibility
Paint

On-Screen Keyboard
Accessibility Wizard
On-screen keyboard
Aloha
Sip-and-puff systems
Technology for the mobility
impaired
Solutions (3)
Muscle switches
Optical pointer devices
Eye scanning systems
HeadMouse
$1,695
Technology for the mobility
impaired
Solutions (4)
Voice recognition (staff
workstation)
Touch screens with onscreen keyboards
Joysticks
Mouth-operated joystick
$1,995
LOMAK - Light Operated Mouse
and Keyboard
http://cap.mil/Documents/Lomak.wmv
Non-computer technology for
the mobility impaired (1)
Page turners
Non-computer technology for
the mobility impaired (2)
Elevator control
Technology for persons who
are deaf or hard of hearing
Technology for persons who
are deaf or hard-of-hearing
• Amplification
– Wireless microphone plus
receptor
• Captioning for audio clips
• Visual or tactile alternatives to
auditory cues
– Flashing lights on fire alarms
• TTYs (text telephones)
Technology for those who
are deaf or hard-of-hearing
TTYs (text telephones)
Location of workstations (1)
Physically accessible to users
Wide aisles from building
entrance to workstation
Free of barriers (stairs, dangling
cables, cords across floor)
Easily located
Location of workstations (2)
Proximity to related services
Within sight of reference desk so
users can signal for help
Paging services
Good lighting
Readily accommodated by
telecommunications cabling
Software considerations
Can the programs and
hardware work together?
Ease of use for novice and
infrequent users
Physical considerations
• Table height for wheel-chair
users
• Anti-glare screens
• Headphones for use with
voice synthesizers
• Shielding hoods
• Large-font signage
Training
• Training sessions for staff
• Training sessions and tutorials
for patrons
Additional information
Americans with Disabilities Act
Homepage:
http://www.ada.gov/
ADA Accessibility Guidelines:
http://www.access-board.gov/adaag/html/adaag.htm
A Guide to Federal Disability Rights Law:
http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/cguide.htm
Additional information (2)
Microsoft accessibility tutorials
http://www.microsoft.com/enable/training/default.aspx
Americans with Disabilities Act:
http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/pubs/ada.txt
A Guide to Federal Disability Rights Law:
http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/ada/cguide.htm
Island Skill Gathering
http://www.isghawaii.com/
Kokua Program at UHM
http://www.hawaii.edu/kokua/