Transcript Applied Cartography and Introduction to GIS GEOG 2017 EL Lecture-1 Chapters 1 and 2

Applied Cartography and
Introduction to GIS
GEOG 2017 EL
Lecture-1
Chapters 1 and 2
What is GIS?
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a
computer system for capturing, storing,
querying, analyzing and displaying geospatial
data.
GIS Components
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Computer hardware
Software
People
Infrastructure
GIS Operations
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Spatial data input
Attribute data management
Data display
Data exploration
Data analysis
GIS modeling
What is Geospatial Data?
Geospatial data are the data describing both the
locations and characteristics of spatial features,
such as roads, land parcels, and vegetation
stands on the Earth’s surface.
Geographically Referenced Data
The street network is based on a plane coordinate system. The
box on the right lists the x- and y-coordinates of the end points
and other attributes of a street segment.
Coordinate System
• Geospatial data are geographically referenced.
• Two spatial reference systems used in GIS are
the geographic coordinate system and the
projected coordinate system.
• Projection connects the two spatial reference
systems.
Vector and Raster Data Models
The vector data model uses x-, y-coordinates to represent
point features (a), and the raster data model uses cells in
a grid to represent point features (b).
Vector-Based Overlay
A vector-based overlay operation combines spatial
data and attribute data from different layers to
create the output.
Raster-Based Overlay
• A raster data operation with multiple rasters can
take advantage of the fixed cell locations.
Layers and Coordinate System
Two map layers are not going to merge
spatially unless they are based on the same
coordinate system.
Layers and Coordinate System
The top map shows the
interstate highways in
Idaho and Montana
based on different
coordinate systems.
The bottom map shows
the connected
interstate networks
based on the same
coordinate system.
Geographic Coordinate System
• The geographic coordinate system is the location reference
system for spatial features on the Earth’s surface.
• The geographic coordinate system is defined by longitude
and latitude.
Longitude and Latitude
A longitude reading is represented by a on the left,
and a latitude reading is represented by b on the
right. Both longitude and latitude readings are
angular measures.
Approximation of Earth’s Shape
• The simplest model is a sphere, which is
typically used in discussing map projections.
• But the Earth is not a perfect sphere: the Earth
is wider along the equator than between the
poles. Therefore a better approximation to the
shape of the Earth is a spheroid, also called
ellipsoid, an ellipse rotated about its minor
axis.
Earth Flattening
The flattening is based on the difference between
the semi-major axis a and the semi-minor axis b.
Datum
• A datum is a mathematical model of the Earth,
which serves as the reference or base for
calculating the geographic coordinates of a
location.
• A shift of the datum will result in the shift of
positions of points.
Map Projection
• A map projection is a systematic arrangement of
parallels and meridians on a plane surface.
• Cartographers group map projections by the
preserved property into conformal, equal area or
equivalent, equidistant, and azimuthal or true
direction.
• Cartographers also use a geometric object (a
cylinder, cone, or plane) and a globe (i.e., a
sphere) to illustrate how to construct a map
projection.
Different Map Projections
Aspect and Projection
Map Projections
NW
NE
SW
SE
Common Map Projections
• Transverse Mercator
• Lambert conformal conic
• Albers equal-area conic
• Equidistant conic
• Web Mercator
Projected Coordinate Systems
• The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid
system
• The Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) grid
system
• The State Plane Coordinate (SPC) System
• The Public Land Survey System (PLSS)
UTM Zones
UTM zones range from zone 10N to 19N in the conterminous
United States.
UTM Zone
A UTM zone represents a
secant case transverse
Mercator projection. CM is
the central meridian, and
AB and DE are the standard
meridians. The standard
meridians are placed 180
kilometers west and east of
the central meridian. Each
UTM zone covers 6° of
longitude and extends from
84°N to 80°S.