Transcript SESSION CODE: EXL407 Scott Schnoll Principal Technical Writer Microsoft Corporation EXCHANGE SERVER 2010 HIGH AVAILABILITY DEEP DIVE (c) 2011 Microsoft.

SESSION CODE: EXL407
Scott Schnoll
Principal Technical Writer
Microsoft Corporation
EXCHANGE SERVER 2010
HIGH AVAILABILITY DEEP DIVE
(c) 2011 Microsoft. All rights reserved.
Agenda
► Exchange Server 2010 High Availability Deep
Dive
–
–
–
–
Database Availability Group Networks
Active Manager
Best Copy Selection
Datacenter Activation Coordination Mode
(c) 2011 Microsoft. All rights reserved.
Exchange Server 2010 High
Availability
Deep Dive: Database Availability Group
Networks
DAG Networks
► A DAG network is a collection of one or more subnets
► There are two types of DAG networks
– MAPI Network - connects DAG members to network resources
(Active Directory, other Exchange servers, DNS, etc.)
• Registered in DNS / DNS configured
• Uses default gateway
• Client for Microsoft Networks/File and Print Sharing enabled
– Replication Network - used for/by continuous replication (log
shipping and seeding)
• Not registered in DNS / DNS not configured
• Typically no default gateway
• Client for Microsoft Networks/File and Print Sharing disabled
DAG Networks
► All DAGs must have:
– Exactly one MAPI network
– Zero or more Replication networks
• Separate network(s) on separate subnet(s)
• LRU determines which replication network is used with multiple
replication networks
► DAG networks automatically created when Mailbox
server is added to DAG
– Based on cluster’s enumeration of networks
• Cluster enumeration based on subnet
• One cluster network is created for each subnet
DAG Networks
► Maximum round trip return latency between all
DAG members must be 500 ms or less
– Regardless of the latency of the solution, customers
should validate that the network between all DAG
members is capable of satisfying the data protection
and availability goals of the deployment
– May need to investigate increasing the number of
databases or decreasing the number of mailboxes per
database to achieve desired goals
DAG Networks
Server / Network
IP Address / Subnet Bits
Default Gateway
EX1 – MAPI
192.168.0.15/24
192.168.0.1
EX1 – REPLICATION
10.0.0.15/24
N/A
EX2 – MAPI
192.168.0.16/24
192.168.0.1
EX2 – REPLICATION
10.0.0.16/24
N/A
Name
Subnet(s)
Interface(s)
MAPI Access
Enabled
Replication
Enabled
DAGNetwork01
192.168.0.0/24
EX1 (192.168.0.15)
EX2 (192.168.0.16)
True
True
DAGNetwork02
10.0.0.0/24
EX1 (10.0.0.15)
EX2 (10.0.0.16)
False
True
DAG Networks
Server / Network
IP Address / Subnet Bits
Default Gateway
EX1 – MAPI
192.168.0.15/24
192.168.0.1
EX1 – REPLICATION
10.0.0.15/24
N/A
EX2 – MAPI
192.168.1.15/24
192.168.1.1
EX2 – REPLICATION
10.0.1.15/24
N/A
Name
Subnet(s)
Interface(s)
DAGNetwork01
192.168.0.0/24 EX1 (192.168.0.15)
True
True
DAGNetwork02
10.0.0.0/24
False
True
DAGNetwork03
192.168.1.0/24 EX2 (192.168.1.15)
True
True
DAGNetwork04
10.0.1.0/24
False
True
EX1 (10.0.0.15)
EX2 (10.0.1.15)
MAPI Access
Enabled
Replication
Enabled
DAG Networks
► Collapse subnets into two DAG networks and
disable replication for the MAPI network:
Set-DatabaseAvailabilityGroupNetwork -Identity DAG2\DAGNetwork01 Subnets 192.168.0.0,192.168.1.0 -ReplicationEnabled:$false
Set-DatabaseAvailabilityGroupNetwork -Identity DAG2\DAGNetwork02 Subnets 10.0.0.0,10.0.1.0
Remove-DatabaseAvailabilityGroupNetwork -Identity DAG2\DAGNetwork03
Remove-DatabaseAvailabilityGroupNetwork -Identity DAG2\DAGNetwork04
Name
Subnet(s)
Interface(s)
DAGNetwork01
192.168.0.0/24 EX1 (192.168.0.15)
True
True
DAGNetwork02
10.0.0.0/24
False
True
DAGNetwork03
192.168.1.0/24 EX2 (192.168.1.15)
True
True
DAGNetwork04
10.0.1.0/24
False
True
EX1 (10.0.0.15)
EX2 (10.0.1.15)
MAPI Access
Enabled
Replication
Enabled
DAG Networks
► Collapse subnets into two DAG networks and
disable replication for the MAPI network:
Set-DatabaseAvailabilityGroupNetwork -Identity DAG2\DAGNetwork01 Subnets 192.168.0.0,192.168.1.0 -ReplicationEnabled:$false
Set-DatabaseAvailabilityGroupNetwork -Identity DAG2\DAGNetwork02 Subnets 10.0.0.0,10.0.1.0
Remove-DatabaseAvailabilityGroupNetwork -Identity DAG2\DAGNetwork03
Remove-DatabaseAvailabilityGroupNetwork -Identity DAG2\DAGNetwork04
Name
Subnet(s)
Interface(s)
DAGNetwork01
192.168.0.0/24 EX1 (192.168.0.15)
192.168.1.0/24 EX2 (192.168.1.15)
False
True
DAGNetwork02
10.0.0.0/24
10.0.1.0/24
False
True
EX1 (10.0.0.15)
EX2 (10.0.1.15)
MAPI Access
Enabled
Replication
Enabled
DAG Networks
► Automatic detection occurs only when members added
to DAG
– If networks are added after member is added, you must perform
discovery
Set-DatabaseAvailabilityGroup -DiscoverNetworks
► DAG network configuration persisted in cluster registry
– HKLM\Cluster\Exchange\DAG Network
► DAG networks include built-in encryption and
compression
– Encryption: Kerberos SSP EncryptMessage/DecryptMessage APIs
– Compression: Microsoft XPRESS, based on LZ77 algorithm
DAG Networks
► Block cross-network communication to minimize
heartbeat traffic
Allowed
Subnet 1
Subnet 3
Subnet 2
Subnet 4
Blocked
DAG Networks
► If using iSCSI storage, configure DAG and cluster
to ignore iSCSI networks
1. Set-DatabaseAvailabilityGroupNetwork -Identity
<DAGNetworkName> -ReplicationEnabled:$false
-IgnoreNetwork:$true
2. Cluster network <ClusterNetworkName> /prop Role=0
DAG Networks
► When a DAG spans multiple subnets you need an IP
address on the MAPI network for each subnet
► Use DHCP in site resilience configurations to assign
IP addresses to Replication network
– Enables delivery of the typically required static routes
– If using static IP addresses, use netsh to configure static
routes
► Configure a DNS TTL on service access connection
records that is consistent with your SLA, e.g. ~5
minutes for a one hour RTO SLA
Exchange Server 2010 High
Availability
Deep Dive: Active Manager
Active Manager
► What are the three Active Manager roles?
– Standalone
– PAM (Primary Active Manager)
– SAM (Standby Active Manager)
► Transition of role state logged into MicrosoftExchange-HighAvailability/Operational event log
(Crimson Channel)
Active Manager Functionality
►Mount and Dismount Databases
►Provide Database Availability
Information
►Provide Interface for Administrative
Tasks
►Monitor for Failures
►Maintains Database and Server State
Information
AutoMount on DAG Members
► In a DAG, all AutoMount operations are
coordinated through the PAM
► AutoMount operations occur:
– When the first server in the DAG is initialized
– When the ownership of the PAM role is changed
AutoMount on DAG Members
► Checks msExchMasterServerOrAvailabilityGroup
to determine all databases hosted on the DAG
► Checks if database can be mounted on startup
– If msExchEDBOffline is TRUE, stop processing
– If msExchEDBOffline is FALSE, proceed with processing
AutoMount on DAG Members
► Checks persistent database information stored in
cluster registry
► Determines if database is mounted on another
DAG member
– If the database is mounted on another server, take no
action
– If the database is not mounted on another server,
proceed
AutoMount on DAG Members
► Checks AdminDismount in cluster registry:
– If AdminDismount is TRUE, take no action
– If AdminDismount is FALSE, proceed
► Checks persistent database state information in
cluster registry for server on which database was last
mounted
– If server available, issue mount request to Information
Store on that server
– If server not available or property not set, issue mount
request to next server in sorted list
AutoMount on DAG Members
► If AutoMount operation succeeds:
– Update persistent database state information stored
in cluster database
– Propagate information to all other DAG members
Mount / Dismount Database Copy
► Mount Database
– An administrator action invoked through a task
– The last part of a move operation
► Dismount Database
– An administrator action invoked through a task
– The first part of a move operation
Mount Database – DAG Member
► Initiate RPC to member of the DAG
– If the server contacted is not the PAM, the task is
referred to the PAM
– If the server is the PAM, continue with no referral
► Checks the
msExchMasterServerOrAvailabilityGroup to
ensure database is hosted in the DAG
– If database is hosted in DAG, proceed
– If database is not hosted in DAG, error out
Mount Database – DAG Member
► Checks if the database is already mounted
– If already mounted, task fails
– If not already mounted, task continues
► PAM invokes callback
– This invokes a pre-check for the database mount
operation
– Persistent database state updated to show mount
Initiated
Mount Database – DAG Member
► PAM invokes RPC call to Information Store to
mount database
– If mount fails, task fails
– If mount succeeds, task completes successfully
► Persistent database state updated to record
results of operation and propagated to other
members
Dismount Database – DAG Member
► Task initiates call to PAM or is referred to PAM
► PAM checks that
msExchMasterServerOrAvailabilityGroup value
matches the DAG
► PAM verifies that database is mounted in the
DAG by checking persistent database state
information stored in registry
– If database is mounted, task proceeds
– If database is dismounted, task fails
Dismount Database – DAG Member
► PAM updates persistent state information in
cluster database to show state Initiated
► PAM makes RPC call to Information Store on
DAG member and invokes dismount
– If dismount operation succeeds, persistent database
state information stored in cluster database is
updated
– If dismount operation fails, task fails
Auto Dismount – DAG Member
► Occurs when a DAG loses quorum
► All DAG members are running (but may not be
participating in the cluster)
► Databases dismounted as quickly as possible to
avoid split-brain
– Information Store service is terminated
Auto Dismount – DAG Member
► Dismount operation should attempt to update
database state information in cluster database
► This is the only case where a database operation
occurs on a server other than the PAM
Active Manager – Move Database
► Move Database
– An administrator action invoked by a task
– Automatic operation initiated by the PAM (failover)
► Begins with a Dismount operation and ends with
a Mount operation
Exchange Server 2010 High
Availability
Deep Dive: Best Copy Selection
Best Copy Selection
►Process of finding the best copy of an
individual database to activate, given a list
potential copies for activation and their
status
►Active Manager selects the “best” copy to
become the new active copy when the
existing active copy fails or when an
administrator performs a targetless
switchover
Best Copy Selection – RTM
► Sorts copies by copy queue length to minimize
data loss, using activation preference as a
secondary sorting key if necessary
► Selects from sorted listed based on which set of
criteria met by each copy
► Attempt Copy Last Logs (ACLL) runs and
attempts to copy missing log files from previous
active copy
Best Copy Selection – SP1
► Sorts copies by activation preference when auto
database mount dial is set to Lossless
– Otherwise, sorts copies based on copy queue length, with
activation preference used a secondary sorting key if
necessary
► Selects from sorted listed based on which set of
criteria met by each copy
► Attempt Copy Last Logs (ACLL) runs and attempts to
copy missing log files from previous active copy
Best Copy Selection
► Is database mountable?
– Is copy queue length <= AutoDatabaseMountDial?
• If Yes, database is marked as current active and mount
request is issued
• If not, next best database tried (if one is available)
► During best copy selection, any servers that are
unreachable or “activation blocked” are ignored
Best Copy Selection
Criteria Copy Queue Length Replay Queue Length
Content Index
Status
1
< 10 logs
< 50 logs
Healthy
2
< 10 logs
< 50 logs
Crawling
3
N/A
< 50 logs
Healthy
4
N/A
< 50 logs
Crawling
5
N/A
< 50 logs
N/A
6
< 10 logs
N/A
Healthy
7
< 10 logs
N/A
Crawling
8
N/A
N/A
Healthy
9
N/A
N/A
Crawling
10
Any database copy with a status of Healthy,
DisconnectedAndHealthy, DisconnectedAndResynchronizing,
or SeedingSource
Best Copy Selection – RTM
► Four copies of DB1
► DB1 currently active on Server1
Server1
X
DB1
Database Copy
Server2
Server3
Server4
DB1
DB1
DB1
Activation
Preference
Copy Queue
Length
Replay Queue
Length
CI State
Database State
Server2\DB1
2
4
0
Healthy
Healthy
Server3\DB1
3
2
2
Healthy
DiscAndHealthy
Server4\DB1
4
10
0
Crawling
Healthy
Best Copy Selection – RTM
► Sort list of available copies based by Copy
Queue Length (using Activation Preference as
secondary sort key if necessary):
– Server3\DB1
– Server2\DB1
– Server4\DB1
Database Copy
Activation
Preference
Copy Queue
Length
Replay Queue
Length
CI State
Database State
Server2\DB1
2
4
0
Healthy
Healthy
Server3\DB1
3
2
2
Healthy
DiscAndHealthy
Server4\DB1
4
10
0
Crawling
Healthy
Best Copy Selection – RTM
► Only two copies meet first set of criteria for
activation (CQL< 10; RQL< 50; CI=Healthy):
– Server3\DB1
– Server2\DB1
– Server4\DB1
Database Copy
Lowest copy queue length – tried first
Activation
Preference
Copy Queue
Length
Replay Queue
Length
CI State
Database State
Server2\DB1
2
4
0
Healthy
Healthy
Server3\DB1
3
2
2
Healthy
DiscAndHealthy
Server4\DB1
4
10
0
Crawling
Healthy
Best Copy Selection – SP1
► Four copies of DB1
► DB1 currently active on Server1
► Auto database mount
Server1
dial set to Lossless
X
DB1
Database Copy
Server2
Server3
Server4
DB1
DB1
DB1
Activation
Preference
Copy Queue
Length
Replay Queue
Length
CI State
Database State
Server2\DB1
2
4
0
Healthy
Healthy
Server3\DB1
3
2
2
Healthy
DiscAndHealthy
Server4\DB1
4
10
0
Crawling
Healthy
Best Copy Selection – SP1
► Sort list of available copies based by Activation
Preference:
– Server2\DB1
– Server3\DB1
– Server4\DB1
Database Copy
Activation
Preference
Copy Queue
Length
Replay Queue
Length
CI State
Database State
Server2\DB1
2
4
0
Healthy
Healthy
Server3\DB1
3
2
2
Healthy
DiscAndHealthy
Server4\DB1
4
10
0
Crawling
Healthy
Best Copy Selection – SP1
► Sort list of available copies based by Activation
Preference:
– Server2\DB1
– Server3\DB1
– Server4\DB1
Database Copy
Lowest preference value – tried first
Activation
Preference
Copy Queue
Length
Replay Queue
Length
CI State
Database State
Server2\DB1
2
4
0
Healthy
Healthy
Server3\DB1
3
2
2
Healthy
DiscAndHealthy
Server4\DB1
4
10
0
Crawling
Healthy
Best Copy Selection
► After Active Manager determines the best copy
to activate
– The Replication service on the target server
attempts to copy missing log files from the source
(ACLL)
• If successful, then the database will mount with zero
data loss
• If unsuccessful (lossy failure), then the database will
mount based on the AutoDatabaseMountDial setting
• If data loss is outside of dial setting, next copy will be
tried
Best Copy Selection
►If an activated database copy is mounted
– It will generate new log files (using the same log
generation sequence)
– Transport Dumpster requests will be initiated for
the mounted database to recover lost messages
– When original server or database recovers, it
will run through divergence detection and either
perform an incremental resync or require a full
reseed
Exchange Server 2010 High
Availability
Deep Dive: Datacenter Activation
Coordination Mode
Datacenter Activation Coordination Mode
► DAC mode is a property of a DAG
► Acts as an application-level form of quorum
– Controls whether or not a Mailbox server attempts to
mount its active databases on startup
– Designed to prevent multiple copies of same database
mounting on different members due to loss of network
(split brain)
► Also enables use of Site Resilience tasks
– Stop-DatabaseAvailabilityGroup
– Restore-DatabaseAvailabilityGroup
– Start-DatabaseAvailabilityGroup
Datacenter Activation Coordination Mode
► RTM: DAC Mode for DAGs with three or more
members that are extended to two Active
Directory sites
– Don’t enable for two-member DAGs where each
member is in different AD site or DAGs where all
members are in the same AD site
► SP1: DAC Mode can be enabled for all DAGs
► If using Third Party Replication (TPR) mode,
check with your vendor for guidance on DAC
mode
Datacenter Activation Coordination Mode
►Uses Datacenter Activation
Coordination Protocol (DACP)
►A bit in memory (in
MSExchangeRepl.exe) set to either:
– 0 = can’t mount
– 1 = can mount
Datacenter Activation Coordination Mode
► Active Manager startup sequence
– DACP is set to 0
– DAG member communicates with other DAG members it
can reach to determine the current value for their DACP
bits
• If the starting DAG member can communicate with all other
members on the StartedServers list, DACP bit switches to 1
• If the starting DAG member can communicate with another
member, and that other member’s DACP bit is set to 1, starting
DAG member DACP bit switches to 1
• If the starting DAG member can communicate with another
member, and that other member’s DACP bits are set to 0,
starting DAG member DACP bit remains at 0
Outlook
Outlook
DAG1 HT2010
FSW
DAG1
CAS-Pri
HT2010
CAS-Sec
Active
MBX-A
Secondary Datacenter
Primary Datacenter
Datacenter Activation Coordination Mode
Active
MBX-B
MBX-C
MBX-D
Secondary Datacenter
Primary Datacenter
Datacenter Activation Coordination Mode
Outlook
Outlook
AWS
DAG1 HT2010
FSW
DAG1
CAS-Pri
Active
MBX-A
HT2010
CAS-Sec
Active
MBX-B
MBX-C
MBX-D
Secondary Datacenter
Primary Datacenter
Datacenter Activation Coordination Mode
Outlook
Outlook
AWS
DAG1 HT2010
FSW
DAG1
CAS-Pri
Active
0
MBX-A
HT2010
CAS-Sec
Active
0
MBX-B
1
MBX-C
1
MBX-D
Resources
Exchange Team Blog - http://aka.ms/ehlo
Exchange 2010 Documentation - http://aka.ms/ex2010docs
My Blog – http://aka.ms/schnoll
Twitter: @schnoll
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