Transcript Chapter 35: pp. 649 - 664 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 35: pp. 649 - 664
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10th Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Respiratory
Systems
BIOLOGY
© Bruce Watkins/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
1
Outline

Gas Exchange Surfaces

Water Environments


Land Environments


Lungs
Human Respiratory System


Gills
Inspiration versus Expiration
Respiration and Health

Respiratory Disorders
2
Gas Exchange Surfaces

Respiration:
The events associated with gas exchange
between the cells and the external
environment
 Consists of

Ventilation
 External Respiration
 Internal Respiration

3
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Gas Exchange Surfaces

For diffusion to be effective, gas-exchange
regions must be:

Moist

Thin

Relatively large

Effectiveness of diffusion is enhanced by
vascularization

Delivery to cells is promoted by respiratory
pigments (like hemoglobin)
5
Gas Exchange Surfaces

Respiration results in gas exchange
between the body’s cells and the
environment

In terrestrial vertebrates, respiration includes:
Ventilation (i.e., breathing)
 External respiration is gas exchange between the
air and the blood within the lungs
 Internal respiration is gas exchange between the
blood and the tissue fluid

6
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Respiration
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External Respiration
lungs
CO2
O2
CO2
O2
tissue cells
Internal Respiration
8
Water Environments
Gasses of air can dissolve in water
 However

When saturated, water contains small fraction
of the O2 in same volume of air, and
 Water is much more viscous than air
 Aquatic animals expend more energy to
breathe than do terrestrial animals

9
Gas Exchange

Hydras and planarians



Small animals with large surface area
Most of their cells exchange gases directly with the
environment
Larger aquatic animals

Often have gills


Finely divided vascularized outgrowths of inner body surface
Gills of bony fishes



Outward extensions of pharynx
Ventilation is brought about by combined action of the mouth and
gill covers (operculum)
Countercurrent Exchange
10
Hydra
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water flow
CO2
CO2
O2
O2
11
Earthworm
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dorsal
blood
vessel
ventral
blood
vessel
CO2
O2
12
Respiratory Organs
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gill
CO2
O2
gill filament
capillaries
a.
tracheoles
CO2
spiracles
trachea
O2
O2
CO2
O2
CO2
spiracle
b.
blood vessels
trachea
mammalian
lung
CO2
O2
alveoli
c.
13
Anatomy of Gills in Bony Fishes
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operculum
lamellae
900×
a.
Water passes out of the pharynx
and over the finely divided gills.
Water passes by the gill lamellae in
a direction opposite to blood flow.
Oxygen content of water is
always higher than the oxygen
content of the blood.
O2-rich blood
Direction of H2O flow
O2-poor blood
lamellae
Direction of
H2O flow
water
flow
O2 movement
blood
flow
blood
flow
gill arch
lamella
gill
filaments
b.
gill filament
c.
d.
a: © B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; b(Gills): © David M. Phillips/Photo Researchers, Inc.
14
Land Environments: Tracheae

Insects and other terrestrial arthropods
A respiratory system consists of branched
tracheae
 Oxygen enters tracheae at spiracles
 Tracheae branch until end in tracheoles that
are in direct contact with body cells

15
Tracheae of Insects
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air sac
tracheole
tracheae
spiracle
spiracle
air sacs
© Ed Reschke
16
Land Environments: Lungs of Vertebrates

Terrestrial vertebrates have evolved lungs


Vascular outgrowths from lower pharyngeal region
Lungs of amphibians



Reptiles



Possess a short tracheae which divides into two bronchi that
open into lungs
Many also breathe to some extent through skin
Inner lining of lungs is more finely divided in reptiles than in
amphibians
Lungs of birds and mammals are elaborately
subdivided
All terrestrial vertebrates, except birds, use a tidal
ventilation system

Air moves in and out by the same route
17
Ventilation in Terrestrial Vertebrates


Inspiration in mammals
Create negative pressure in lungs




The rib cage is elevated
The diaphragm lowers
Thoracic pressure decreases to less than atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs

Expiration in mammals
 Create positive pressure in lungs




The rib cage is lowered
The diaphragm rises
Thoracic pressure increases to more than atmospheric pressure
Forces air out the lungs
18
Human Respiratory System

As air moves through upper respiratory
system
It is filtered to free it of debris
 Warmed, and
 Humidified


When air reaches lungs
It is at body temperature, and
 Its humidity is 100%

19
The Human Respiratory Tract
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cilia
goblet cell
epithelial
cell
blood flow
blood flow
particle
movement
nasal cavity
pulmonary arteriole
nostril
pulmonary
venule
mucus
pharynx
bronchiole
epiglottis
air
glottis
larynx
trachea
tracheal
lumen
bronchus
b. Tracheal lining
lobule
bronchiole
lung
capillary
network
diaphragm
alveoli
a. The path of air
c. Bronchiole and alveoli
b: © Ed Reschke
20
Animation
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Human Respiratory System

Air passes from pharynx through glottis

Larynx and trachea


Permanently held open by cartilage rings

Facilitates movement of air
When food is swallowed

The larynx rises, and

The glottis is closed by the epiglottis

Backward movement of soft palate covers the entrance
of nasal passages into the pharynx
22
Animation
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Human Respiratory System

Trachea divides
Forms two primary bronchi
 Bronchi enter the right and left lungs


Bronchi branch until there are a great
number of tiny bronchioles

Each bronchiole terminates in an elongated
space enclosed by alveoli
24
Ventilation

Humans breathe using a tidal mechanism

Volume of thoracic cavity and lungs is
increased by muscle contractions that lower
the diaphragm and raise the ribs

Create negative pressure in the thoracic cavity and
lungs, and then air flows into the lungs during
inspiration
25
Inspiration versus Expiration
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
trachea
intercostal
muscles
Rib cage
moves
up and out.
Rib cage
moves
down and in.
lungs
Diaphragm relaxes
and moves up.
Diaphragm contracts
and moves down.
air in
lung
rib cage
air out
When
pressure
in lungs
decreases,
air comes
rushing in.
When
pressure
in lungs
increases,
air is
pushed out.
26
Animation
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Animation
Insert Alveolar Pressure Changes During
Inspiration and Expiration
Lungs

Birds use a one-way ventilation mechanism
in lungs
Results in a higher partial pressure of oxygen
in the lungs
 Oxygen uptake with each breath is greater
than in other vertebrates

29
Animation
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Respiratory System in Birds
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inhalation
lung
trachea
exhalation
lung
anterior
air sacs
posterior
air sacs
trachea
lung
1
Inhalation: Air enters posterior
air sacs.
anterior
air sacs
2
Exhalation begins: Air enters lung.
inhaled air
exhaled air
anterior
air sacs
exhalation
posterior
air sacs
4
Exhalation ends: Air exits anterior
air sacs.
3
Exhalation continues: Air enters
anterior air sacs.
31
Modification of Breathing in Humans
Normally, adults have a breathing rate of
12 to 20 ventilations per minute.
 Controlled by respiratory center in the
medulla oblongata of the brain


Sends out impulses to the diaphragm and
intercostal muscles of the rib cage


Now inspiration occurs. When the respiratory center
Stops sending neuronal signals to the
diaphragm and the rib cage,

Expiration occurs
32
Nervous Control of Breathing
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brain
respiratory center:
automatically regulates
breathing
intercostal nerves:
stimulate the intercostal
muscles
intercostal muscles
phrenic nerve:
stimulates the diaphragm
diaphragm
33
External and Internal Respiration
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alveolus
plasma
pulmonary
capillary
HCO3External respiration
H+ + HCO3HbH+
CO2
RBC
H2 CO3
HbO2
H2O
CO2
RBC
O
O2
HbCO2
pulmonary
capillary
2
alveolus
CO2
plasma
O2
CO2 exits blood
O2 enters blood
lung
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
heart
systemic vein
tissue cells
systemic artery
HCO3H+
+
plasma
plasma
HCO3-
HbH+
RBC
systemic
capillary
systemic
capillary
RBC
H2CO3
CO2
H2O
HbCO2
O2
Internal respiration
tissue
fluid
CO2 enters blood
CO2
tissue
cell
tissue
cell
tissue
fluid
O2 exits blood
34
Hemoglobin
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heme group
iron atom
beta chain
alpha chain
© Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc.
35
Gas Exchange and Transport

Breathing stimulus



Oxygen diffuses into pulmonary capillaries


Increased H+ and CO2 concentrations in the blood
Not affected by O2 levels
Most combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells to
form oxyhemoglobin
CO2 diffuses out of pulmonary capillaries


Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of
bicarbonate ion
Some carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin to
form carbaminohemoglobin
36
Animation
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operating systems, some animations
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Respiration and Health

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

Strep Throat


Sinusitis


Infection of sinuses
Tonsillitis


Streptococcus pyogenes
Infection of tonsils
Laryngitis

Infection of larynx
38
Common Bronchial and Pulmonary
Diseases
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mucus
Bronchitis
Airways are inflamed due
to infection (acute) or due to
an irritant (chronic). Coughing
brings up mucus and pus.
Pneumonia
Alveoli fill with pus and fluid,
making gas exchange difficult.
asbestos
body
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Fibrous connective tissue
builds up in lungs, reducing
their elasticity.
tubercle
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Tubercles encapsulate
bacteria, and elasticity of
lungs is reduced.
Emphysema
Alveoli burst and fuse into
enlarged air spaces. Surface area
for gas exchange is reduced.
Asthma
Airways are inflamed due
to irritation, and bronchioles
constrict due to muscle spasms.
39
Respiration and Health

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Acute bronchitis


Pneumonia


Infection of primary and secondary bronchi
Viral or bacterial infection of the lungs where
bronchi and alveoli fill with fluid
Pulmonary tuberculosis

Caused by tubercle bacillus
40
Disorders

Pulmonary fibrosis


Chronic bronchitis


Fibrous connective tissue builds up in the
lungs
Airways inflamed and filled with mucus
Emphysema

Alveoli are distended and walls are damaged
reducing surface area available for gas
exchange
41
Disorders

Asthma

Airways are unusually sensitive to specific
irritants


When exposed to the irritants, the smooth muscles
in the bronchioles undergo spasms
Lung Cancer

Begins with thickening and callusing of the
cells lining the airways
42
Smoking and Lung Disorders
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tumor
a. Normal lungs
b. Emphysema
c. Lung cancer
a: © Matt Meadows/Peter Arnold, Inc.; b: © SIU/Visuals Unlimited; c: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
43
Review

Gas Exchange Surfaces

Water Environments


Land Environments


Lungs
Human Respiratory System


Gills
Inspiration versus Expiration
Respiration and Health

Respiratory Disorders
44
Chapter 35: pp. 649 - 664
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10th Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Respiratory
Systems
BIOLOGY
© Bruce Watkins/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
45