Transcript THE PROTOZOA • UNICELLULAR - EUCARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS • FOUND IN THE KINGDOM PROTISTA • NO COMMON BASIC STRUCTURE, SIZE OR SHAPE • SIZE VARIES GREATLY -

THE PROTOZOA
• UNICELLULAR - EUCARYOTIC
MICROORGANISMS
• FOUND IN THE KINGDOM PROTISTA
• NO COMMON BASIC STRUCTURE, SIZE OR
SHAPE
• SIZE VARIES GREATLY - 2 TO 5,000
MICROMETERS
• DISTRIBUTION
– FREE LIVING FORMS
– PARASITIC FORMS (MANY ANIMALS
CARRY PROTOZOANS AS NORMAL
FLORA)
– FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION OF
FREE LIVING FORMS
• NaCl CONCENTRATION
• pH
• TEMPERATURE
• OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS
• NUTRITION
– FREE LIVING FORMS - PHAGOCYTOSIS
OF PARTICULATE MATTER
– COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL NEEDS
– ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS
– STORAGE PRODUCTS - GLYCOGEN,
STARCH AND LIPIDS
• REPRODUCTION
– ASEXUAL – BINARY FISSION, MULTIPLE
FISSION OR BUDDING
– SEXUAL - SYNGAMY OR CONJUGATION
• CLASSIFICATION (ORGANELLES OF
MOTOLITY)
– KINGDOM: PROTISTA
• PHYLUM: PROTOZOA
– GROUPINGS: AMOEBA,
FLAGELLATES, CILIATES,
SPOROZOA
• AMOEBA - PSEUDOPODIA - NO CELL WALL
– AMOEBA PROTEUS - FREE LIVING
AMOEBA
– ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
• Causes: Amoebic Dysentery
– ACANTHAMOEBA Sp.
• Causes: 1. Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis
2. Keratitis
• FLAGELLATES - FLAGELLA (MOST HUMAN
PATHOGENS IN THIS GROUP)
– MOST PRIMITIVE OF THE PROTOZOANS
– CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAGELLA
EUGLENA Sp.
PATHOGENIC FLAGELLATES
• GIARDIA LAMBLIA
• TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
• TRYPANOSOMA SP.
CILIATES
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MOST ADVANCED OF THE PROTOZOA
ORAL GROOVE
CONTRACTILE VACUOLE
NUCLEAR DIMORPHISM
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUALLY BY BINARY FISSION
SEXUALLY BY CONJUGATION
PATHOGENIC CILIATE – BALANTIDIUM COLI
• Treatment for protozoan infections is usually an
antibiotic called metranidazole also called flagyl.
SPOROZOA
• ALL OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR
PARASITES
• ALL HAVE COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES
• PATHOGENIC SPOROZOAN-PLASMODIUM
Sp.
• CAUSATIVE AGENT OF MALARIA
• FOUR SPECIES CAUSE MALARIA
1. P. MALARIAE
2. P. OVALE
3. P. VIVAX
4. P. FALCIPARUM
• LIFE CYCLE OCCURS IN TWO
ORGANISMS
– MOSQUITO (ANOPHELES Sp.) AND
ANIMAL BODY
– SEXUAL CYCLE IN MOSQUITO
– ASEXUAL CYCLE IN HUMAN BODY
• 3 IMPORTANT STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE
– SPOROZOITE
– MEROZOITE
– GAMETOCYTE
• LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM
• SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA
• MOST DEADLY FORM IS P.FALCIPARUM
• HOW MALARIA KILLS
• TREATMENT FOR MALARIA - QUININE
AND ITS DERIVATIVES
– CHLOROQUINE
– PRIMAQUINE
– MEFLOQUINE - LARIUM
– SIDE EFFECTS OF LONG TERM USE
OF QUININE
» HALLUCINATIONS
» CONVULSIONS
» EMOTIONAL CHANGES
– VACCINE????
• TOXOPLASMOSIS
• CAUSED BY TOXOPLASMA GONDII
• SEEN MOSTLY IN PEOPLE WITH
COMPROMISED IMMUNE SYSTEMS
• CATS ARE AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE
LIFE CYCLE OF THIS PROTOZOAN
• THE ORGANISM REPLICATES IN THE
INTESTINE OF THE CAT.
• IT PASSES OUT OF THE CAT IN ITS FECAL
MATERIA
• PEOPLE INJEST THE ORGANISM