Transcript Female Reproductive Endocrinology Kenneth L. Campbell Professor of Biology University of Massachusetts at Boston.

Female Reproductive Endocrinology
Kenneth L. Campbell
Professor of Biology
University of Massachusetts at Boston
What are endocrine systems for?
Endocrine Functions
• Maintain Internal Homeostasis
•
•
•
•
Support Cell Growth
Coordinate Development
Coordinate Reproduction
Facilitate Responses to External Stimuli
What are feedback systems?
Feedbacks Generate Control Loops
Negative
+
--
These maintain hormonal balance & are linked to
homeostatic processes.
If the multiplicative effect of the links in a control
loop is negative, the entire control loop is negative.
Positive
+
+
These cause physiologic changes in the system.
If the multiplicative effect of the links in a control
loop is positive, the entire control loop is positive.
How dynamic are these systems?
Hormone, receptor, transducer & effector levels
vary with time. Some change over short terms,
others over long terms.
Levels also vary with developmental stage,
gender, & health status.
How dynamic
are these
systems?
After a248.e.akamai.net/.../pubs/mmanual_home/ illus/i232_1.gif
How dynamic are these systems?
How dynamic are these systems?
www.antiaging.com/images/ testosterone_decline.gif
Outline of Female Reproduction
1. Adult anatomy
2. Embryogenesis
3. Sex determination
4. Hormonal controls
5. Puberty
6. Ovarian anatomy
7. Meiosis
8. Oogenesis
9. Contraception
10. Aging
Adult Female Anatomy
Female Embryogenesis
Female Germ Cell Migration
www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unitgenital/genital_gifs/genital008-1.gif
www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unitgenital/genital_gifs/genital008-2all.gif
Female Germ Cell Migration
Sex Determination: Genetic
Sex Determination: Genetic
Sex Determination: Gonadal
Sex Determination: Gonadal
www.med.unc.edu/embryo_images/unitgenital/genital_gifs/genital010-1.gif
Sex
Determination:
Internal
Reproductive
Tract
Sex
Determination:
External
Reproductive
Tract
Pituitary- Hypothalamic Associations
www.cushings-help.com/ anterior-pituitary.gif
How are the gonads controlled? LH
How are the gonads controlled? FSH
Inhibin
europe.obgyn.net/nederland/mp/ov
ergang/images/overgang14x.gif
Steroid
Synthesis
arbl.cvmbs.colostate.
edu/hbooks/pathphys/
endocrine/basics/ster
oidogenesis.gif
Maturation: Hormonal
Maturation:
Hormonal
Testosterone in saliva
in children & serum
SHBG in adolescents
& adults. The pubertal
decrease in SHBG is
less pronounced in
women.
www.biomedcentral.com/content/
figures/1471-2431-2-5-3-l.jpg
Maturation: Tanner Stages
www.cuhk.edu.hk/proj/growthstd/i
mages/bpuberty.gif
www.cuhk.edu.hk/proj/growthstd/imag
es/gpuberty.gif
Maturation: Tanner Stages
a248.e.akamai.net/7/248/430/20020531071032/www.merck.c
om/pubs/mmanual_home/illus/i258
Meiosis: Males & Females
Male
Female
Oocyte Populations
Regressing Corpus Luteum
Ovarian Anatomy
Preovulatory Follicle
www.vet.ksu.edu/media/images/t
herio/ov-structures/02.jpg
anatomy.med.unsw.edu.au/c
bl/embryo/Notes/images/we
ek1/ovary/ovary.gif
www.aksonogram.co
m/images/ovary.jpg
sufw.com.au/assets/imag
es/gallery/normal%20ovar
y%20with%20follicle.jpg
Ovarian Anatomy
Developing Follicles
Ovarian Anatomy
Corpus Luteum
Rat antral follicle, courtesy P. Bagavandoss.
Hormonal Cycles:
LH, FSH, Estradiol,
Progesterone,
Inhibin A & B
europe.obgyn.net/nederland/mp/o
vergang/images/overgang14x.gif
After a248.e.akamai.net/.../pubs/mmanual_home/ illus/i232_1.gif
Folliculogenesis
www.ohiorepromed.com/imag
es/normal_ovulation_detail.jpg
Ovulation
www.nfpsoftware.co
m/ovul.gif
medweb.uni-muenster.de/
institute/gyn/forschung/projekte/ovulation.jpg
www.womenhealth.dsmu.ed
u.ua/infoline/ovulation.gif
Granulosa Cell Metamorphosis
& Corpus Luteum Formation
Coordinated Changes
in: Uterus, Oviducts,
& Cervix
Endometrium:
Follicular/Proliferative
Phase
Endometrium:
Luteal/Secretory Phase
Vaginal Lining
Fertilization
Female Contraceptive Use
Tubal ligation:
27.7% US, 39% Developing
Surgery, injected occlusives
Hormones:
31.2% US, 15% Developing
Steroids (OCs, injectables, implants)
LHRH antagonists
Barriers:
3.6% US, 0.3% Developing
Diaphragms, cervical caps
Foams, gels, creams, sponges
IUDs:
0.8% US,
26% Developing
Medicated, unmedicated
Withdrawal/Traditional: 3.0% US,
Periodic Abstinence
2.3% US,
Vasectomy/Condoms 31.3% US,
9% Developing
-- Developing
12% Developing
1995 US data: L Piccino, W Mosher, Fam Plann Perspect 30:4-10,46 (1998); 1993
Developing world data: J Bongaarts, E Johnson, Stud Fam Plan 32:24 (2002).
Female Aging, Menopause, HRT
FSH (IU/L) [Ranges may vary among labs.]
<1-3 prepubertal
1-8 males
1-11 females; follicular and luteal phase
6-26 at ovulation
30-118 post-menopausal
www.familydoctor.co.uk/htdocs/MEN
OPAUSE/MENOPAUSE03.jpg
press2.nci.nih.gov/scie
ncebehind/estrogen/ima
ges/estrogen22.gif
Raloxifene, Tamoxifen (SERMs)
www.md.ucl.ac.be/entites/mint/intr/hainaut/dossierprojet/dossier
docsem/menopause/i15.gif [Belgian Menopause Society]
Low Fertility in Gainj vs Other Groups
How is prolactin controlled?
Courtesy of J Wood & D Holman.
Gainj
Female
Fertility
Constraints
Early pregnancy loss is common
Acknowledgements
Support from: NSF, Umass/Boston, Sandia National Labs,
Hybritech, Quidel, Monoclonal Antibodies Inc.
Gainj Project
Turkana Project
The Gainj People
Rees Midgley
Al Hermalin
Lora Myers
Jim Wood
Pat Johnson
Ila Maslar
Diana Lai
Sam Refetoff
Peter Smouse
Peter Heywood
Michael Alpers
Brian Davison
Yan Ren
Lynne Shinto
Diane Drinkwater
Darryl Holman
Bettina Shell
All Turkana Subjects
Mike Little
Paul Leslie
Ben Campbell
Dhanesh Dookhran
Kathy Whiteman
Alexandra Evindar
William Lukas
Sandra Gray
Jeanine Quigley
Christine Sekadde
-Kigondu
Leah Kirumbi
(*in the lab at UMB)
Related Studies
Kathy O’Connor
Coralie Munro
Susannah Barsom
Ellie Brindle
Cheryl Stroud
Kai Orton
Jodiann Thompson
Yefim Proshchitskiy
Yelena Filipova
Matt Lopresti
Oliver Schultheiss
Cheryl Frederick
Steve Monfort
Malcolm Potts
David McClelland (dec)