Transcript Human Communication: The Basic Course Twelfth Edition PowerPoint™ Presentations prepared by: Naomi Young University of California, San Diego Joseph A.

Human Communication:
The Basic Course
Twelfth Edition
PowerPoint™
Presentations
prepared by:
Naomi Young
University of California,
San Diego
Joseph A. DeVito
Hunter College of the City University of New York
Chapter Fourteen:
Topics, Audiences, And Research
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Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Goals
Learn About:
The nature of public speaking
 The very normal nervousness that most people
feel
 The first three steps for preparing a public speech
Learn To:
 Manage your anxiety
 Select an appropriate speech topic, purpose and
thesis
 Analyze and adapt to your audience
 Research your topic

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3
Introducing Public Speaking
o Speaker presents a continuous message
to an audience in a unique context
o The Western tradition of public speaking
began in ancient Greece and Rome
o Aristotle’s Rhetoric, written some 2,300
years ago in ancient Greece
o One of the earliest systematic studies of
public speaking
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Benefits of Public Speaking
o Improve your public
speaking abilities
o Improve your social
and personal
abilities
o Improve your
academic and
career skills
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Managing Your Apprehension
o Reduce the newness of public speaking
by gaining experience
o Reduce your self-focus by visualizing
public speaking as conversation
o Reduce your perceived differentness
from the audience
o Reduce your fear of failure by preparing
and practicing
o Reduce your anxiety by moving about
and breathing deeply
o Avoid chemicals as tension relievers
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The Steps in Public Speaking
Preparation and Delivery
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Step 1: Select Your Topic,
Purposes, and Thesis

Your Topic
– A Good Public Speaking Topic
 Substantive
 Appropriate
 Culturally

sensitive
Finding Topics
–
–
–
–
–
Yourself
Brainstorming
Surveys
News items
Topic lists
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Limiting Topics
Topoi
 Tree diagrams
 Search
directories

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Purposes
 General
purpose
– Informative
– Persuasive
 Specific
purposes
– Use an infinitive phrase
– Focus on the audience
– Limit your specific purpose
– Use specific terms
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Your Thesis
What is a thesis?



Central idea, theme
or essence of speech
Informative thesis
states what you
want audience to
learn
Persuasive thesis
-States what you
want your audience
to believe or accept
Wording and
Using Your
Thesis



Limit thesis to one
central idea
State thesis as
declarative sentence
Use thesis to focus
audience attention
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Step 2: Analyze Your Audience
 Analyzing
Audience
the Sociology of the
– Cultural factor
– Age
– Gender
– Affectional Orientation
– Religion and religiousness
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Step 2: Analyze Your Audience

Analyzing the
Psychology of
Audience
– How willing is the
audience?
– How favorable is
the audience?
– How
knowledgeable is
the audience?
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Step 2: Analyze Your Audience
 Analyzing
Speech
and Adapting During
– Focus on listeners as message senders
– Address audience responses
– Ask “what if” questions
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Step 3: Research Your Topic
 Principles
of Research
– Research for specifics
– Research to discover what is known
– Research to support a position
 Principles
of Time Management
– Multi-task
– Watch detours
– Access your library from home
– Consult your librarian
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Step 3: Research Your Topic
 Research
notes
– Create folders
– Key your notes
– Take complete
notes
 Libraries
and
Bookstores
– Libraries and
bookstores
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Interviewing for Information
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Select the person you wish to interview
Secure an appointment
Select your topic area
Create a cheat sheet
Establish rapport with the interviewee
Ask open-ended questions
Display effective interpersonal communication
Ask for permission to tape or print the
interview
Close with an expression of appreciation
Follow up with thank-you note
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Step 3: Research Your Topic
 Primary,
secondary, and tertiary
sources
 Scholarly and popular journals
 General Reference Sources
– Encyclopedias
– Specialized reference works
– E-mail and listservs
– Newsgroups and chat groups
– Web searches
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Step 3: Research Your Topic

News Sources
–
–
–
–
–

Newspaper indexes
Electronic newspaper databases
Newspaper and newsmagazine Web sites
News wire services
News networks online
Other Sources
–
–
–
–
–
–
PsycINFO and sociological abstracts
Medline
ERIC
Indexes
Listservs, Usenet, WWW
Book sources
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Step 3: Research Your Topic

The Web
– The Open Web
– The Deep Web
– The Social Web

Evaluating Internet Resources
–
–
–
–
–
Fairness
Accuracy
Currency
Qualifications
Sufficiency
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Plagiarism
 Violation
of another’s
intellectual property
rights
 You are in college to
develop your own
ideas and expression
 Evaluations assume
work is your own
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Integrating and Citing Research
 Mention
source
 Provide smooth transitions
 Avoid useless expressions
 Use signal verbs
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Knowledge to Action
Brainstorm some
speech topics and
choose one to focus on
as a class. How would
the speech topic be
presented differently if
the audience were
children, young adults,
or the elderly?
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