Transcript BEGINNING NETWORKING What is Networking? Lets go see! NETWORKING TERMS (THE SHORT LIST) A network adapter interfaces a computer to a network.

BEGINNING NETWORKING
What is Networking?
Lets go see!
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
A network adapter interfaces a computer to a network. The term "adapter" was
popularized originally by Ethernet add-in cards for PCs. Modern network adapter
hardware exists in several forms. Traditional Ethernet adapters for desktop PCs
were PCI cards. PCMCIA (also know as "credit card" or "PC Card") adapters or
similar devices that connected to USB ports were more commonly used in laptop
computers. Nowadays, though, both Ethernet and wireless network adapters are
simply integrated circuit chips pre-installed inside the computer.
Windows and other operating systems support both wired and wireless network
adapters through a piece of software called a device driver. Network drivers allow
application software to communicate with the adapter hardware. Network device
drivers are often installed automatically when adapter hardware is first powered
on.
Finally, some network adapters are purely software packages that simulate the
functions of a network card. These so-called virtual adapters are especially common
in virtual private networking (VPN) software systems.
Also Known As: NIC, LAN card
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
A network address serves as a unique identifier for a computer on a network.
When set up correctly, computers can determine the addresses of other
computers on the network and use these addresses to send messages to each
other.One of the best known form of network addressing is the Internet
Protocol (IP) address. IP addresses consist of four bytes (32 bits) that
uniquely identify all computers on the public Internet.
Another popular form of address is the Media Access Control (MAC) address.
MAC addresses are six bytes (48 bits) that manufacturers of network adapters
burn into their products to uniquely identify them.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
ADSL is a type of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Internet service commonly used
in homes. The 'A' in ADSL refers to its asymmetry: ADSL connections provide
comparatively more bandwidth for downloads than for uploads.ADSL is designed
to support the typical home user who frequently downloads large amounts of data
from Web sites and P2P networks but upload relatively less often. ADSL works by
allocating a majority of the available phone line frequencies for communication of
downstream traffic.
In other respects, ADSL possesses all of the characteristics one associates with
DSL, including "high-speed" service, an "always on" combination of voice and
data support, and availability and performance that is limited by physical distance.
ADSL is technically capable of up to 6 Mbps (roughly 6000 Kbps), but ADSL
customers in practice obtain 2 Mbps or lower for downloads and up to 512 Kbps
for uploads.
Also Known As: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
NETWORKING TERM (THE SHORT
LIST)
Wireless access points (APs or WAPs) are specially configured nodes on
wireless local area networks (WLANs). Access points act as a central
transmitter and receiver of WLAN radio signals.Access points used in home
or small business networks are generally small, dedicated hardware devices
featuring a built-in network adapter, antenna, and radio transmitter. Access
points support Wi-Fi wireless communication standards.
Although very small WLANs can function without access points in so-called
"ad hoc" or peer-to-peer mode, access points support "infrastructure" mode.
This mode bridges WLANs with a wired Ethernet LAN and also scales the
network to support more clients. Older and base model access points allowed
a maximum of only 10 or 20 clients; many newer access points support up to
255 clients.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
On wireless computer networks, ad-hoc mode is a method for wireless devices to directly
communicate with each other. Operating in ad-hoc mode allows all wireless devices within
range of each other to discover and communicate in peer-to-peer fashion without involving
central access points (including those built in to broadband wireless routers).To set up an
ad-hoc wireless network, each wireless adapter must be configured for ad-hoc mode versus
the alternative infrastructure mode. In addition, all wireless adapters on the ad-hoc
network must use the same SSID and the same channel number.
An ad-hoc network tends to feature a small group of devices all in very close proximity to
each other. Performance suffers as the number of devices grows, and a large ad-hoc
network quickly becomes difficult to manage. Ad-hoc networks cannot bridge to wired
LANs or to the Internet without installing a special-purpose gateway.
Ad hoc networks make sense when needing to build a small, all-wireless LAN quickly and
spend the minimum amount of money on equipment. Ad hoc networks also work well as a
temporary fallback mechanism if normally-available infrastructure mode gear (access points
or routers) stop functioning.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
Bandwidth in computer networking refers to the data rate supported by a
network connection or interface. One most commonly expresses bandwidth in
terms of bits per second (bps). The term comes from the field of electrical
engineering, where bandwidth represents the total distance or range between
the highest and lowest signals on the communication channel
(band).Bandwidth represents the capacity of the connection. The greater the
capacity, the more likely that greater performance will follow, though overall
performance also depends on other factors, such as latency.
Also Known As: throughput
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
The term broadband refers to any type of transmission technique that carries
several data channels over a common wire. DSL service, for example,
combines separate voice and data channels over a single telephone line. In
DSL, voice fills the low end of the frequency spectrum and data fills the high
end.In home networking, broadband constitutes any form of high-speed
Internet access using this transmission technique. Both DSL and cable modem
are common broadband Internet technologies. So-called broadband routers
and broadband modems are network devices that support both DSL and
cable. Other forms of home broadband include fiber (FTTH) and fixed
wireless.
To qualify as a broadband Internet service, the technology should as a general
guideline support network bandwidth of at least 256 Kbps for connections in
one direction.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
A broadband modem is a type SHORT
of digitalLIST)
modem used with high-speed DSL
or cable Internet service. Cable modems connect a home computer (or
network of home computers) to residential cable TV service, while DSL
modems connect to residential public telephone service.Like the television
"set top" box, both cable and DSL modems are normally supplied by the
Internet service provider and not a piece of equipment individuals need to
shop for on their own.
Most broadband modems supply a 10 Mbps Ethernet connection for the
home LAN, although broadband Internet services rarely if ever perform at
those speeds. The performance of a cable modem can vary depending on the
utilization of the shared cable line in that neighborhood, and DSL modem
speeds also vary, but typical data rates range anywhere from 500 Kbps to 3500
Kbps.
Also Known As: cable modem, DSL modem
NETWORKING TERMS ( THE
SHORT LIST)
CAT5 (also, CAT 5) is an Ethernet network cable standard defined by the Electronic
Industries Association and Telecommunications Industry Association (commonly known as
EIA/TIA). CAT5 is the fifth generation of twisted pair Ethernet technology and the most
popular of all twisted pair cables in use today.CAT5 cable contains four pairs of copper
wire. It supports Fast Ethernet speeds (up to 100 Mbps). As with all other types of twisted
pair EIA/TIA cabling, CAT5 cable runs are limited to a maximum recommended run
length of 100m (328 feet).
Although CAT5 cable usually contains four pairs of copper wire, Fast Ethernet
communications only utilize two pairs. A newer specification for CAT5 cable - CAT5
enhanced ("CAT5e" or "CAT 5e") - supports networking at Gigabit Ethernet[ speeds
(up to 1000 Mbps) over short distances by utilizing all four wire pairs, and it is backwardcompatible with ordinary CAT5.
Twisted pair cable like CAT5 comes in two main varieties, solid and stranded. Solid CAT5
cable supports longer length runs and works best in fixed wiring configurations like office
buildings. Stranded CAT5 cable, on the other hand, is more pliable and better suited for
shorter-distance, movable cabling such as on-the-fly patch cabling.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
CAT6 is an Ethernet cable standard defined by the Electronic Industries
Association and Telecommunications Industry Association (commonly known
as EIA/TIA). CAT6 is the sixth generation of twisted pair Ethernet
cabling.CAT6 cable contains four pairs of copper wire like the previous
generation CAT5. Unlike CAT5, however, CAT6 fully utilizes all four pairs.
CAT6 supports Gigabit Ethernet speeds up to 1 gigabit per second (Gbps)
and supports communications at more than twice the speed of CAT5e, the
other popular standard for Gigabit Ethernet cabling. An enhanced version of
CAT6 called CAT6a supports up to 10 Gbps speeds.
As with all other types of twisted pair EIA/TIA cabling, individual CAT6
cable runs are limited to a maximum recommended length of 100m (328 feet).
Printing along the length of the cable sheath identifies it as CAT6.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
A
crossover cable directly connects two network devices of the same
type to each other over Ethernet. Ethernet crossover cables are commonly used when
temporarily networking two devices in situations where a network router, switch or hub is
not present.Compared to standard Ethernet cables, the internal wiring of Ethernet
crossover cables reverses the transmit and receive signals. The reversed color-coded wires
can be seen through the RJ-45 connectors at each end of the cable:
Standard cables have an idential sequence of colored wires on each end
Crossover cables have the 1st and 3rd wires (counting from left to right) crossed, and the
2nd and 6th wires crossed
An Ethernet crossover cable will also feature the name "crossover" stamped on its
packaging and wire casing.Ethernet crossover cables should only be used for direct network
connections. In particular, attempting to connect a computer to a hub with a crossover
cable will prevent that network link from functioning. Home broadband routers have
become an exception to this rule: modern consumer routers contain logic to automatically
detect crossover cables and allow them to function with other types of Ethernet devices.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
DHCP allows a computer to join an IP-based network without having a pre-
configured IP address. DHCP is a protocol that assigns unique IP addresses to devices,
then releases and renews these addresses as devices leave and re-join the network. Internet
service providers usually use DHCP to help customers join their networks with minimum
setup effort required. Likewise, home network equipment like broadband routers offers
DHCP support for added convenience in joining home computers to local area networks
(LANs).
DHCP environments require a DHCP server set up with the appropriate configuration
parameters for the given network. Key DHCP parameters include the range or "pool" of
available IP addresses, the correct subnet masks, plus network gateway and name server
addresses.
Devices running DHCP client software can then automatically retrieve these settings from
DHCP servers as needed. DHCP clients are built into all common network operating
systems. Using DHCP on a network means system administrators do not need to configure
these parameters individually for each client device.
Also Known As: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
The DNS translates Internet domain and host names to IP addresses. DNS automatically
converts the names we type in our Web browser address bar to the IP addresses of Web servers
hosting those sites.DNS implements a distributed database to store this name and address
information for all public hosts on the Internet. DNS assumes IP addresses do not change (are
statically assigned rather than dynamically assigned).
The DNS database resides on a hierarchy of special database servers. When clients like Web
browsers issue requests involving Internet host names, a piece of software called the DNS resolver
(usually built into the network operating system) first contacts a DNS server to determine the
server's IP address. If the DNS server does not contain the needed mapping, it will in turn
forward the request to a different DNS server at the next higher level in the hierarchy. After
potentially several forwarding and delegation messages are sent within the DNS hierarchy, the IP
address for the given host eventually arrives at the resolver, that in turn completes the request
over Internet Protocol.
DNS additionally includes support for caching requests and for redundancy. Most network operating
systems support configuration of primary, secondary, and tertiary DNS servers, each of which
can service initial requests from clients. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) maintain their own
DNS servers and use DHCP to automatically configure clients, relieving most home users of the
burden of DNS configuration.
Also Known As: Domain Name System, Domain Name Service, Domain Name Server
NETWORK TERMS (THE SHORT
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DDNS (Dynamic DNS) is a service that maps Internet domain names to
IP addresses. DDNS serves a similar purpose to DNS: DDNS allows anyone
hosting a Web or FTP server to advertise a public name to prospective
users.Unlike DNS that only works with static IP addresses, DDNS is designed to
also support dynamic IP addresses, such as those assigned by a DHCP server.
That makes DDNS a good fit for home networks, which often receive dynamic
public IP addresses from their Internet provider that occasionally change.
To use DDNS, one simply signs up with a DDNS provider and installs network
software on their host to monitor its IP address. For example, dyndns.com provides
a free dynamic DDNS service via software that can run on Windows, Mac or
Linux computers.
Compared to ordinary DNS, the disadvantage of DDNS is that additional host
software, a new potential failure point on the network, must be maintained.
Also Known As: dynamic DNS
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
In computer networking, a dongle is a short length of cable designed to
bridge between two devices having different connector types.Dongles first
became popular in home networking for connecting to the PCMCIA "credit
card" network adapters in older laptop computers. One end of the dongle fit
the thin PCMCIA connector while the other end featured either a RJ-45
connector (for connecting an Ethernet cable) or an RJ-11 connector (for
connecting to a phone line and dialup Internet access).
Today, dongles continue to be widely used in wired network setups, particular
for connections to USB ports on computers. Dongle cables typically run no
longer than about six inches (15 cm).
Pronunciation: DONG-ul
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
Ethernet is a physical and data link layer technology for local area networks
(LANs). Ethernet was invented by engineer Robert Metcalfe.When first widely
deployed in the 1980s, Ethernet supported a maximum theoretical data rate of
10 megabits per second (Mbps). Later, so-called "Fast Ethernet" standards
increased this maximum data rate to 100 Mbps. Today, Gigabit Ethernet
technology further extends peak performance up to 1000 Mbps.
Higher level network protocols like Internet Protocol (IP) use Ethernet as
their transmission medium. Data travels over Ethernet inside protocol units
called frames.
The run length of individual Ethernet cables is limited to roughly 100 meters,
but Ethernet networks can be easily extended to link entire schools or office
buildings using network bridge devices.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
A network firewall protects a computer network from unauthorized access. Network
firewalls may be hardware devices, software programs, or a combination of the two.
Network firewalls guard an internal computer network (home, school, business intranet)
against malicious access from the outside. Network firewalls may also be configured to limit
access to the outside from internal users.
Network Firewalls and Broadband Routers
Many home network router products include built-in firewall support. The administrative
interface of these routers include configuration options for the firewall. Router firewalls can
be turned off (disabled), or they can be set to filter certain types of network traffic through
so-called firewall rules.Network Firewalls and Proxy Servers
Another common form of network firewall is a proxy server. Proxy servers act as an
intermediary between internal computers and external networks by receiving and selectively
blocking data packets at the network boundary. These network firewalls also provide an
extra measure of safety by hiding internal LAN addresses from the outside Internet. In a
proxy server firewall environment, network requests from multiple clients appear to the
outsider as all coming from the same proxy server address.
Also Known As: proxy, gateway
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
FTP allows you to transfer files between two computers on the Internet. FTP is a simple network
protocol based on Internet Protocol and also a term used when referring to the process of
copying files when using FTP technology.To transfer files with FTP, you use a program often
called the "client." The FTP client program initiates a connection to a remote computer running
FTP "server" software. After the connection is established, the client can choose to send and/or
receive copies of files, singly or in groups. To connect to an FTP server, a client requires a
username and password as set by the administrator of the server. Many public FTP archives
follow a special convention for that accepts a username of "anonymous."
Simple FTP clients are included with most network operating systems, but most of these clients
(such as FTP.EXE on Windows) support a relatively unfriendly command-line interface. Many
alternative freeware / shareware third-party FTP clients have been developed that support
graphic user interfaces (GUIs) and additional convenience features. In any FTP interface, clients
identify the FTP server either by its IP address (such as 192.168.0.1) or by its host name (such as
ftp.about.com).
FTP supports two modes of data transfer: plain text (ASCII), and binary. You set the mode in the
FTP client. A common error when using FTP is attempting to transfer a binary file (such as a
program or music file) while in text mode, causing the transfered file to be unusable.
Also Known As: File Transfer Protocol
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
A network gateway is an internetworking system capable of joining together
two networks that use different base protocols. A network gateway can be
implemented completely in software, completely in hardware, or as a
combination of both. Depending on the types of protocols they support,
network gateways can operate at any level of the OSI model. Because a
network gateway, by definition, appears at the edge of a network, related
capabilities like firewalls tend to be integrated with it. On home networks, a
broadband router typically serves as the network gateway although ordinary
computers can also be configured to perform equivalent functions.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
In computer networking, a kilobit normally represents 1000 bits of data. A
megabit represents 1000 kilobits and a gigabit represents 1000 megabits (equal
to one million kilobits).Kilobits, megabits and gigabits traveling over a computer
network are typically measured per second. One kilobit per second equals 1 Kbps
or kbps (these are equivalent), one megabit 1 Mbps, and one gigabit 1 Gbps. Slow
network connections such as modem links are measured in kilobits, faster links
such as WiFi wireless in megabits, and very fast connections like high-speed
Ethernet in gigabits.
Many people less familiar with computer networking believe one kilobit equals
1024 bits. This is generally untrue in networking but may be true in other contexts.
Specifications for today's adapters, routers and other networking equipment always
use 1000-bit kilobits as the basis of their quoted data rates. The confusion arises
as computer memory and disk drive manufacturers often use 1024-byte kilobytes
as the basis of their quoted capacities.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
HTTP - the Hypertext Transfer Protocol - provides a standard for Web
browsers and servers to communicate. The definition of HTTP is a technical
specification of a network protocol that software must implement.HTTP is an
application layer network protocol built on top of TCP. HTTP clients (such as
Web browsers) and servers communicate via HTTP request and response
messages. The three main HTTP message types are GET, POST, and HEAD.
HTTP utilizes TCP port 80 by default, though other ports such as 8080 can
alternatively be used.
The current version of HTTP in widespread use - HTTP version 1.1 - was
developed to address some of the performance limitations of the original
version - HTTP 1.0. HTTP 1.1 is documented in RFC 2068.
Also Known As: HyperText Transfer Protocol
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
Definition: In computer networking, a hub is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple computers
together. Many network hubs available today support the Ethernet standard. Other types including USB hubs also
exist, but Ethernet is the type traditionally used in home networking.Working With Ethernet Hubs
To network a group of computers using an Ethernet hub, first connect an Ethernet cable into the unit, then connect
the other end of the cable to each computer's network interface card (NIC). All Ethernet hubs accept the RJ-45
connectors of standard Ethernet cables.To expand a network to accommodate more devices, Ethernet hubs can also
be connected to each other, to switches, or to routers.
Characteristics of Ethernet Hubs
Ethernet hubs vary in the speed (network data rate or bandwidth) they support. Some years ago, Ethernet hubs offered
only 10 Mbps rated speeds. Newer types of hubs offer 100 Mbps Ethernet. Some support both 10 Mbps and 100
Mbps (so-called dual-speed or 10/100 hubs).The number of ports an Ethernet hub supports also varies. Four- and fiveport Ethernet hubs are most common in home networks, but eight- and 16-port hubs can be found in some home and
small office environments.
Older Ethernet hubs were relatively large in size and sometimes noisy as they contained built in fans for cooling the
unit. Newer devices are much smaller, designed for mobility, and noiseless.
When To Use an Ethernet Hub
Ethernet hubs operate as Layer 2 devices in the OSI model, the same as network switches. Although offering
comparable functionality, nearly all mainstream home network equipment today utilizes network switch technology
instead of hubs due to the performance benefits of switches. A hub can be useful for temporarily replacing a broken
network switch or when performance is not a critical factor on the network.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
IP (Internet Protocol) is the primary network protocol used on the Internet,
developed in the 1970s. On the Internet and many other networks, IP is often
used together with the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and referred to
interchangeably as TCP/IP.IP supports unique addressing for computers on a
network. Most networks use the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) standard that
features IP addresses four bytes (32 bits) in length. The newer Internet Protocol
version 6 (IPv6) standard features addresses 16 bytes (128 bits) in length.
Data on an Internet Protocol network is organized into packets. Each IP packet
includes both a header (that specifies source, destination, and other information
about the data) and the message data itself.
IP functions at layer 3 of the OSI model. It can therefore run on top of different
data link interfaces including Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
Also Known As: Internet Protocol
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
Intranet is the generic term for a collection of private computer networks within an
organization. An intranet uses network technologies as a tool to facilitate communication
between people or work groups to improve the data sharing capability and overall knowledge base
of an organization's employees.Intranets utilize standard network hardware and software
technologies like Ethernet, WiFi, TCP/IP, Web browsers and Web servers. An organization's
intranet typically includes Internet access but is firewalled so that its computers cannot be
reached directly from the outside.
A common extension to intranets, called extranets, opens this firewall to provide controlled
access to outsiders.
Many schools and non-profit groups have deployed them, but an intranet is still seen primarily as
a corporate productivity tool. A simple intranet consists of an internal email system and perhaps
a message board service. More sophisticated intranets include Web sites and databases containing
company news, forms, and personnel information. Besides email and groupware applications, an
intranet generally incorporates internal Web sites, documents, and/or databases.
The business value of intranet solutions is generally accepted in larger corporations, but their
worth has proven very difficult to quantify in terms of time saved or return on investment.
Also Known As: corporate portal, private business network
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
IPv6 is the next generation protocol for Internet networking. IPv6 expands on the current
Internet Protocol standard known as IPv4. Compared to IPv4, IPv6 offers better addressing,
security and other features to support large worldwide networks.
In IPv6, IP addresses change from the current 32-bit standard and dotted decimal notation to a
new 128-bit address system. IPv6 addresses remain backward compatible with IPv4 addresses.
For example, the IPv4 address "192.168.100.32" may appear in IPv6 notation as
"0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:C0A8:6420" or "::C0A8:6420".
The most obvious benefit of IPv6 is the exponentially greater number of IP addresses it can
support compared to IPv4. Many countries outside the U.S. suffer from a shortage of IP
addresses today. Because IPv6 and IPv4 protocols coexist, those locales with an address shortage
can easily deploy new IPv6 networks that work with the rest of the Internet. Experts believe it
will take many more years before all networks fully change over to IPv6.
Other benefits of IPv6 are less obvious but equally important. The internals of the IPv6 protocol
have been designed with scalability and extensibility in mind. This will allow many different kinds
of devices besides PCs, like cell phones and home appliances, to more easily join the Internet in
future.
Also Known As: IPng (Internet Protocol Next Generation)
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
An IP address is a binary number that uniquely identifies computers and other
devices on a TCP/IP network.An IP address can be private - for use on a local
area network (LAN) - or public - for use on the Internet or other wide area
network (WAN). IP addresses can be determined statically - assigned to a
computer by a system administrator - or dynamically - assigned by another device
on the network on demand.
→ More - What Is a Public IP Address?, What Is a Private IP Address?Two IP
addressing standards are in use today. The IPv4 standard is most familiar to people
and supported everywhere on the Internet, but the newer IPv6 standard is
gradually replacing it. IPv4 addresses consist of four bytes (32 bits), while IPv6
addresses are 16 bytes (128 bits) long.
→ More - Internet Protocol Address NotationA network administrator sets up
the addressing scheme for an IP network. When troubleshooting network
problems, users sometimes also need to be familiar with how IP addresses work.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
ISDN is a network technology that supports digital transfer of simultaneous
voice and data traffic. Similar to DSL in this respect, an ISDN Internet service
works over ordinary telephone lines. ISDN Internet service generally supports
data rates of 128 Kbps.ISDN emerged as an alternative to traditional dialup
networking during the 1990s. The relatively high cost of ISDN service,
though, limited its popularity with residential customers at the outset. More
recently, the much higher network speeds supported by newer broadband
technologies like DSL have drawn many consumers away from ISDN service.
ISDN technology today has limited applications as a networking solution.
Some customers who live in rural areas of the U.S. subscribe to ISDN
Internet as an alternative to satellite Internet. ISDN phone service also
remains fairly common in some European countries.
Also Known As: Integrated Services Digital Network
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
An ISP is a company that supplies Internet connectivity to home and business
customers. ISPs support one or more forms of Internet access, ranging from
traditional modem dial-up to DSL and cable modem broadband service to
dedicated T1/T3 lines.More recently, wireless Internet service providers or
WISPs have emerged that offer Internet access through wireless LAN or
wireless broadband networks.
In addition to basic connectivity, many ISPs also offer related Internet
services like email, Web hosting and access to software tools.
A few companies also offer free ISP service to those who need occasional
Internet connectivity. These free offerings feature limited connect time and
are often bundled with some other product or service.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
A local area network (LAN) supplies networking capability to a group of
computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school,
or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games or
other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs, and to the
Internet or other WAN.Most local area networks are built with relatively
inexpensive hardware such as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs.
Wireless LAN and other more advanced LAN hardware options also exist.
Specialized operating system software may be used to configure a local area
network. For example, most flavors of Microsoft Windows provide a software
package called Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) that supports controlled access
to LAN resources.
The term LAN party refers to a multiplayer gaming event where participants
bring their own computers and build a temporary LAN.
Also Known As: local area network
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
Media Access Control (MAC) technology provides unique identification and access
control for computers on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. In wireless networking, MAC
is the radio control protocol on the wireless network adapter. Media Access Control works
at the lower sublayer of the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.MAC Addresses
Media Access Control assigns a unique number to each IP network adapter called the MAC
address. A MAC address is 48 bits long. The MAC address is commonly written as a
sequence of 12 hexadecimal digits as follows:
48-3F-0A-91-00-BC
MAC addresses are uniquely set by the network adapter manufacturer and are sometimes
called physical addresses. The first six hexadecimal digits of the address correspond to a
manufacturer's unique identifier, while the last six digits correspond to the device's serial
number. MAC addresses map to logical IP addresses through the Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP).Some Internet service providers track the MAC address of a home router
for security purposes. Many routers support a process called cloning that allows the MAC
address to be simulated so that it matches one the service provider is expecting. This allows
households to change their router (and their real MAC address) without having to notify the
provider.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
MIMO is a method of utilizing multiple radio antennas for wireless network
communications. Some newer Wi-Fi routers utilize MIMO technology, enhancing
their performance compared to single-antenna routers.MIMO-based Wi-Fi routers
utilize the same network protocols and signal ranges that non-MIMO routers do.
The MIMO products achieve higher performance by more aggressively
transmitting and receiving data over Wi-Fi channels. MIMO signaling technology
can increase network bandwidth, range and reliability at the potential cost of
interfering with other wireless equipment.
The specific number of antennas utilized in a MIMO Wi-Fi router can vary.
Typical MIMO routers contain three or four antennas instead of the single
antenna that is standard in all earlier forms of consumer Wi-Fi routers.
MIMO is a key element of the 802.11n Wi-Fi networking standard.
Also Known As: Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
NAS allows files to be stored and retrieved across a computer network. A NAS
includes a dedicated hardware device often called the head that connects to a local
area network (usually via Ethernet). This NAS "server" authenticates clients and
manages file operations in much the same manner as traditional file servers,
through well-established network protocols like NFS and CIFS/SMB. NAS
systems attempt to reduce the cost associated with traditional file servers. Rather
than utilize general-purpose computer hardware and a full-featured network
operating system (NOS) like NetWare, NAS devices generally run an embedded
operating system on simplified hardware. NAS boxes support hard drives, and
sometimes tape drives, but lack peripherals like a monitor or keyboard. Designed
specifically for network storage, a NAS tends to be easier to manage than a file
server.
The term "NAS" is often confused with the related term "SAN" (Storage Area
Network). In a nutshell, NAS devices are just one type of entity that can exist on a
SAN.
Also Known As: Network Attached Storage
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
NAT allows an Internet Protocol (IP) network to maintain public IP addresses separately from private IP
addresses. NAT is a popular technology for Internet connection sharing. It is also sometimes used in server
load balancing applications on corporate networks.In it's most common configuration, NAT maps all of the
private IP addresses on a home network to the single IP address supplied by an Internet Service Provider
(ISP). This allows computers on the home LAN to share a single Internet connection. Additionally, it
enhances home network security by limiting the access of external computers into the home IP network
space.
NAT works by snooping both incoming and outgoing IP datagrams. As needed, it modifies the source or
destination address in the IP header (and the affected checksums) to reflect the configured address mapping.
NAT technically supports either fixed or dynamic mappings of one or more internal and external IP
addresses.
NAT functionality is usually found on routers and other gateway devices at the network boundary.
NAT can also be implemented entirely in software. Microsoft's Internet Connection Sharing (ICS), for
example, adds NAT support to the Windows operating system.
By itself, NAT does not provide all the features of a true firewall, but it is often used on servers that feature
other firewall and antivirus support. NAT was designed originally to conserve public Internet address space.
Internet RFC 1631 contains the basic NAT specification.
Also Known As: Network Address Translation
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
An octet represents any eight-bit quantity. By definition, octets range in
mathematical value from 0 (zero) to 255. Typically in computer networking, an
octet is the same as a byte. However, the term "octet" came into existence
because historically some computer systems did not represent a byte as eight
bits; octets and bytes are *not* the same on such systems.
Octets most commonly refers to any of the four bytes of an IPv4 address. In
dotted-decimal notation, an IP address appears as follows [ octet ] . [ octet ] . [ octet ] . [ octet ]
like this: 192 . 168 . 0. 1
In Web browsers, the MIME type "application/octet-stream" refers to a
generic HTTP byte stream.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
The OSI model defines internetworking in terms of a vertical stack of seven layers. The
upper layers of the OSI model represent software that implements network services like
encryption and connection management. The lower layers of the OSI model implement
more primitive, hardware-oriented functions like routing, addressing, and flow control. In
the OSI model, data communication starts with the top layer at the sending side, travels
down the OSI model stack to the bottom layer, then traveses the network connection to the
bottom layer on the receiving side, and up its OSI model stack.
The OSI model was introduced in 1984. Although it was designed to be an abstract model,
the OSI model remains a practical framework for today's key network technologies like
Ethernet and protocols like IP.
Also Known As: Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, OSI seven layer
model
Examples:
Internet Protocol (IP) corresponds to the Network layer of the OSI model, layer three.
TCP and UDP correspond to OSI model layer four, the Transport layer. Lower layers of
the OSI model are represented by technologies like Ethernet. Higher layers of the OSI
model are represented by application protocols like TCP and UDP.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
Ping is the name of a standard software utility (tool) used to test network connections. It can be
used to determine if a remote device (such as Web or game server) can be reached across the
network and, if so, the connection's latency. Ping tools are part of Windows, Mac OS X and
Linux as well as some routers and game consoles.Most ping tools use Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP). They send request messages to a target network address at periodic intervals
and measure the time it takes for a response message to arrive. These tools typically support
options like
how many times to send requests
how large of a request message to send
how long to wait for each reply
The output of ping varies depending on the tool. Standard results includes
IP address of the responding computer
length of time (in milliseconds) between sending the request and receiving the response
an indication of how many network hops between the requesting and responding computers
error messages if the target computer did not respond
Also Known As: Packet Internet Gopher
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
RJ45 is a standard type of connector for network cables. RJ45 connectors are
most commonly seen with Ethernet cables and networks.RJ45 connectors
feature eight pins to which the wire strands of a cable interface electrically.
Standard RJ-45 pinouts define the arrangement of the individual wires
needed when attaching connectors to a cable.
Several other kinds of connectors closely resemble RJ45 and can be easily
confused for each other. The RJ-11 connectors used with telephone cables,
for example, are only slightly smaller (narrower) than RJ-45 connectors.
Also Known As: Registered Jack 45
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
: Routers are small physical devices that join multiple networks together.
Technically, a router is a Layer 3 gateway device, meaning that it connects two
or more networks and that the router operates at the network layer of the OSI
model.Home networks typically use a wireless or wired Internet Protocol (IP)
router, IP being the most common OSI network layer protocol. An IP router
such as a DSL or cable modem broadband router joins the home's local area
network (LAN) to the wide-area network (WAN) of the Internet.
By maintaining configuration information in a piece of storage called the
routing table, wired or wireless routers also have the ability to filter traffic,
either incoming or outgoing, based on the IP addresses of senders and
receivers. Some routers allow a network administrator to update the routing
table from a Web browser interface. Broadband routers combine the functions
of a router with those of a network switch and a firewall in a single unit.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
A network server is a computer designed to process requests and deliver data
to other (client) computers over a local network or the Internet.Network
servers typically are configured with additional processing, memory and
storage capacity to handle the load of servicing clients. Common types of
network servers include:
Web servers
proxy servers
FTP servers
online game servers
Numerous systems use this client / server networking model including Web
sites and email services. An alternative model, peer-to-peer networking enables
all computers to act as either a server or client as needed.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
An SSID is the name of a wireless local area network (WLAN). All wireless
devices on a WLAN must employ the same SSID in order to communicate
with each other.The SSID on wireless clients can be set either manually, by
entering the SSID into the client network settings, or automatically, by leaving
the SSID unspecified or blank. A network administrator often uses a public
SSID, that is set on the access point and broadcast to all wireless devices in
range. Some newer wireless access points disable the automatic SSID
broadcast feature in an attempt to improve network security.
SSIDs are case sensitive text strings. The SSID is a sequence of alphanumeric
characters (letters or numbers). SSIDs have a maximum length of 32
characters.
See also - What is a Network Name?
Also Known As: Service Set Identifier, Network Name
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology is a standard for encrypted
client/server network connections. SSL helps to improve on the safety of
Internet communications. It is commonly used for online shopping and other
private financial transactions.As a network protocol, SSL runs on top of
TCP/IP. SSL utilizes network security techniques including public keys,
symmetric keys, and certificates.
Also Known As: Secure Sockets Layer
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
A subnet is a logical grouping of connected network devices. Nodes on a
subnet tend to be located in close physical proximity to each other on a
LAN.Network designers employ subnets as a way to partition networks into
logical segments for greater ease of administration. When subnets are
properly implemented, both the performance and security of networks can be
improved.
In Internet Protocol (IP) networking, devices on a subnet share contiguous
ranges of IP address numbers. A mask (known as the subnet mask or network
mask) defines the boundaries of an IP subnet. The correspondence between
subnet masks and IP address ranges follows defined mathematical formulas.
IT professionals use subnet calculators to map between masks and addresses.
Also Known As: subnetwork
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within
one local area network (LAN). Technically, network switches operate at layer two (Data
Link Layer) of the OSI model.Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs,
but a switch generally contains more intelligence (and a slightly higher price tag) than a hub.
Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received,
determining the source and destination device of each packet, and forwarding them
appropriately. By delivering messages only to the connected device intended, a network
switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub.
As with hubs, Ethernet implementations of network switches are the most common.
Mainstream Ethernet network switches support either 10/100 Mbps Fast Ethernet or
Gigabit Ethernet (10/100/1000) standards.
Different models of network switches support differing numbers of connected devices.
Most consumer-grade network switches provide either four or eight connections for
Ethernet devices. Switches can be connected to each other, a so-called daisy chaining method
to add progressively larger number of devices to a LAN.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
SNMP is a standard TCP/IP protocol for network management. Network
administrators use SNMP to monitor and map network availability, performance,
and error rates.Using SNMP
To work with SNMP, network devices utilize a distributed data store called the
Management Information Base (MIB). All SNMP compliant devices contain a
MIB which supplies the pertinent attributes of a device. Some attributes are fixed
(hard-coded) in the MIB while others are dynamic values calculated by agent
software running on the device.Enterprise network management software, such as
Tivoli and HP OpenView, uses SNMP commands to read and write data in each
device MIB. 'Get' commands typically retrieve data values, while 'Set' commands
typically initiate some action on the device. For example, a system reboot script is
often implemented in management software by defining a particular MIB attribute
and issuing an SNMP Set from the manager software that writes a "reboot" value
into that attribute.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
Satellite Internet is a form of high-speed Internet service. Satellite Internet
services utilize telecommunications satellites in Earth orbit to provide Internet
access to consumers. Satellite Internet service covers areas where DSL and cable
access is unavailable. Satellite offers less network bandwidth compared to DSL or
cable, however. In addition, the long delays required to transmit data between the
satellite and the ground stations tend to create high network latency, causing a
sluggish performance experience in some cases. Network applications like VPN
and online gaming may not function properly over satellite Internet connections
due to these latency issues.
Older residential satellite Internet services supported only "one-way" downloads
over the satellite link, requiring a telephone modem for uploading. All newer
satellite services support full "two-way" satellite links.
Satellite Internet service does not necessary utilitize WiMax. WiMax technology
supplies one method to deliver high-speed Internet service over wireless links, but
satellite providers may implement their systems differently.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) are two
distinct network protocols, technically speaking. TCP and IP are so commonly
used together, however, that TCP/IP has become standard terminology to
refer to either or both of the protocols.IP corresponds to the Network layer
(Layer 3) in the OSI model, whereas TCP corresponds to the Transport layer
(Layer 4) in OSI. In other words, the term TCP/IP refers to network
communications where the TCP transport is used to deliver data across IP
networks.
The average person on the Internet works in a predominately TCP/IP
environment. Web browsers, for example, use TCP/IP to communicate with
Web servers.
Also Known As: Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple OSI transport layer protocol for client/server network applications based on Internet Protocol (IP).
UDP is the main alternative to TCP and one of the oldest network protocols in existence, introduced in 1980.UDP is often used in
videoconferencing applications or computer games specially tuned for real-time performance. To achieve higher performance, the protocol
allows individual packets to be dropped (with no retries) and UDP packets to be received in a different order than they were sent as
dictated by the application.
UDP Datagrams
UDP network traffic is organized in the form of datagrams. A datagram comprises one message unit. The first eight (8) bytes of a datagram
contain header information and the remaining bytes contain message data.A UDP datagram header consists of four (4) fields of two bytes
each:
source port number
destination port number
datagram size
checksum
UDP port numbers allow different applications to maintain their own channels for data similar to TCP. UDP port headers are two bytes
long; therefore, valid UDP port numbers range from 0 to 65535.The UDP datagram size is a count of the total number of bytes contained in
header and data sections. As the header length is a fixed size, this field effectively tracks the length of the variable -sized data portion
(sometimes called payload). The size of datagrams varies depending on the operating environment but has a maximum of 65535 bytes.
UDP checksums protect message data from tampering. The checksum value represents an encoding of the datagram data calculated first by
the sender and later by the receiver. Should an individual datagram be tampered with or get corrupted during transmission, th e UDP
protocol detects a checksum calculation mismatch. In UDP, checksumming is optional as opposed to TCP where checksums are
mandatory.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
UPnP is a technology framework for simplifying the connection of network
devices. The UPnP Forum is an industry body coordinating activities related
to UPnP standardization and adoption.UPnP is based on Internet Protocol
(IP) addressing and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). UPnP
does not require any particular type of network connection; it works with
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and other physical media. UPnP also is designed to
work across many different types of network devices and operating systems.
Many home network routers offer UPnP support. UPnP is not related to the
older "Plug and Play" industry initatives for connecting periperhal devices to
PCs.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is a formatted text
string used by Web browsers, email clients and other software to identify a
network resource on the Internet. Network resources are files that can be plain
Web pages, other text documents, graphics, or programs.URL strings consist
of three parts (substrings):
1. network protocol
2. host name or address
3. file or resource location
These substrings are separated by special characters as follows:
:// host / location
protocol
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
URL Protocol
The 'protocol' substring defines a network protocol to be used to access a
resource. These strings are short names followed by the three characters '://'
(a simple naming convention to denote a protocol definition). Typical URL
protocols include http://, ftp://, and mailto://.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
URL Host
The 'host' substring identifies a computer or other network device. Hosts
come from standard Internet databases such as DNS and can be names or IP
addresses. For example, compnetworking.about.com is the host for this Web page.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
URL Location
The 'location' substring contains a path to one specific network resource on
the host. Resources are normally located in a host directory or folder. For
example, /od/internetaccessbestuses/bldef-url.htm is the location of this Web page
including two subdirectories and the file name.When the location element is
omitted such as in http://compnetworking.about.com/, the URL conventionally
points to the root directory of the host and often a home page (like
'index.htm').
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
USB is a high-performance serial bus communication technology. Most new computers and
associated peripheral devices like printers and scanners contain built-in support for this
technology. USB hubs for file and printer sharing also exist. USB and FireWire are the most
popular, competing standards for networking computer peripherals.Multiple versions of
USB have been developed by the computer industry:
USB 1.0 and 1.1: the first commercial versions supported a maximum data rate of 12 Mbps
USB 2.0: the current version supports a much faster theoretical maximum rate of 480 Mbps
USB 3.0: the future standard is expected to support up to 4.8 Gbps
Using USB for Local Networking
To build a USB network, simply connect USB cables to the USB ports on those devices. USB
is plug and play compatible, meaning the operating system USB driver software automatically
detects and configures device connections. One USB network supports up to 127 devices.
USB interfaces are backward compatible; for example, a USB 2.0 and a USB 1.1 can be
networked. When two ends of a connection support different versions of USB, the link
automatically runs at the lower speed of the older version.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
VoIP is a technology that allows telephone calls to be made over computer
networks like the Internet. VoIP converts analog voice signals into digital data
packets and supports real-time, two-way transmission of conversations using
Internet Protocol (IP).VoIP calls can be made on the Internet using a VoIP
service provider and standard computer audio systems. Alternatively, some
service providers support VoIP through ordinary telephones that use special
adapters to connect to a home computer network. Many VoIP
implementations are based on the H.323 technology standard.
VoIP offers a substantial cost savings over traditional long distance telephone
calls. The main disadvantage of VoIP is a greater potential for dropped calls
and degraded voice quality when the underlying network links are under heavy
load.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
A VPN utilizes public telecommunications networks to conduct private data communications. Most VPN
implementations use the Internet as the public infrastructure and a variety of specialized protocols to support
private communications through the Internet. VPN follows a client and server approach. VPN clients
authenticate users, encrypt data, and otherwise manage sessions with VPN servers utilizing a technique called
tunneling.
VPN clients and VPN servers are typically used in these three scenarios:
1. to support remote access to an intranet,
2. to support connections between multiple intranets within the same organization, and
3. to join networks between two organizations, forming an extranet.
The main benefit of a VPN is the lower cost needed to support this technology compared to alternatives like
traditional leased lines or remote access servers.VPN users typically interact with simple graphical client
programs. These applications support creating tunnels, setting configuration parameters, and connecting to
and disconnecting from the VPN server. VPN solutions utilize several different network protocols including
PPTP, L2TP, IPsec, and SOCKS.
VPN servers can also connect directly to other VPN servers. A VPN server-to-server connection extends the
intranet or extranet to span multiple networks.
Many vendors have developed VPN hardware and software products. Some of these do not interoperate due
to the immaturity of some VPN standards.
Also Known As: virtual private network
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
A WAN spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country.
WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks
(LANs) or metro area networks (MANs). The world's most popular WAN is
the Internet. Some segments of the Internet, like VPN-based extranets, are
also WANs in themselves. Finally, many WANs are corporate or research
networks that utilize leased lines.
WANs generally utilize different and much more expensive networking
equipment than do LANs. Key technologies often found in WANs include
SONET, Frame Relay, and ATM.
Also Known As: wide area network
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
WAP - the Wireless Application Protocol - defines a network architecture for
content delivery over wireless networks. Central to the design of WAP is a
network stack based on the OSI model. WAP implements several new networking
protocols that perform functions similar to the well-known Web protocols HTTP,
TCP, and SSL.WAP includes the concepts of browsers, servers, URLs, and
gateways. WAP browsers are intended to be implemented on small mobile devices
such as cell phones, pagers, and PDAs. Instead of developing content in HTML
and JavaScript, WAP developers use WML and WMLScript.
Many WAP-enabled devices exist today, although their capability is generally
limited to news feeds, stock quotes, and similar basic applications. WAP is in the
early stages of development relative to other networking technologies, and its
future viability remains unclear.
The term "WAP" also is used to refer to wireless access points.
Also Known As: Wireless Application Protocol, wireless access point
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
WEP is a standard network protocol that adds security to 802.11 Wi-Fi networks at the data
link layer (OSI model Layer 2). WEP was designed to give wireless networks the equivalent
level of privacy protection as a comparable wired network. However, the underlying
technology behind WEP has been demonstrated to be relatively insecure compared to
newer protocols like WPA.WEP utilizes a data encryption scheme called RC4 with a
combination of user- and system-generated key values. The original implementations of
WEP supported encryption keys of length 40 bits and 24 additional bits of systemgenerated data (64 bits total). In an attempt to increase protection, these encryption
methods were extended to support longer keys including 104-bit (128 bits of total data),
152-bit and 256-bit.
When communicating over a Wi-Fi connection, the protocol encrypts the data stream using
these keys so that it is no longer human readable but still can be processed by receiving
devices. The keys themselves are not sent over the network but rather are generally stored
on the wireless network adapter or in the Windows Registry.
WEP represents just one element of an overall wireless network security strategy.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
Wi-Fi is the industry name for wireless LAN (WLAN) communication
technology related to the IEEE 802.11 family of wireless networking
standards. To some, the term Wi-Fi is synonymous with 802.11b, as 802.11b
was the first standard in that family to enjoy widespread popularity. Today,
however, Wi-Fi can refer to any of the established standards: 802.11a,
802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n.The Wi-Fi Alliance (see sidebar) certifies vendor
products to ensure 802.11 products on the market follow the various 802.11
specifications. Unfortunately, 802.11a technology is not compatible with
802.11b/g/n, so Wi-Fi product lines have been somewhat fragmented.
See also - Wi-Fi - The Technology Formerly Known as Wireless Fidelity
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
WLAN - Wireless LAN
The WLAN supports network communication over short distances using
radio or infrared signals instead of traditional network cabling. A WLAN
typically extends an existing wired local area network.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
WPA is a security technology for Wi-Fi wireless computer networks. WPA
improves on the authentication and encryption features of WEP (Wired
Equivalent Privacy). In fact, WPA was developed by the networking industry in
response to the weaknesses of WEP.WPA provides stronger encryption than WEP
through use of either of two standard technologies: Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
(TKIP) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). WPA also includes built-in
authentication support that WEP does not offer. Overall, WPA provides
comparable security to VPN tunneling with WEP, with the benefit of easier
administration and use.
A variation of WPA designed for use on home networks is called WPA Pre Shared
Key or WPA-PSK for short. WPA-PSK is a simplified but still powerful form of
WPA. To use WPA-PSK, a person sets a static key or passphrase as with WEP.
But, using TKIP, WPA-PSK automatically changes the keys at a preset time
interval, making it much more difficult for hackers to find and exploit them.
Another variation of WPA called WPA contains other technical enhancements.
NETWORKING TERMS (THE
SHORT LIST)
The term WWW refers to the World Wide Web or simply the Web. The World Wide
Web consists of all the public Web sites connected to the Internet worldwide,
including the client devices (such as computers and cell phones) that access Web
content. The WWW is just one of many applications of the Internet and
computer networks.The World Web is based on these technologies:
HTML - Hypertext Markup Language
HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Web servers and Web browsers
Researcher Tim Berners-Lee led the development of the original World Wide Web
in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He helped build prototypes of the above Web
technologies and coined the term "WWW." Web sites and Web browsing exploded
in popularity during the mid-1990s.
Also Known As: World Wide Web, The Web
CONNECTING A DVR TO ROUTER
CONNECTING A DVR TO ROUTER
CONNECTING DVR TO ROUTER
NETWORKING A DVR
IP SELECTIONS
SETTING UP A DDNS
SETTING UP DDNS
HOW TO FIND YOUR PCS IP
ADDRESS
HOW TO FIND YOUR PCS IP
ADDRESS
FINDING THE IP ADDRESS OF YOU PC
AND WHAT YOU DO WITH IT.
CONNECTING AN AVN PUSH
VIDEO CAMERA
OBTAINING THE IP ADDRESS OF
AVN PUSHVIDEO CAMERA
Locate provided CD that came with AVN PUSHVIDEO camera
Insert CD into PC and locate program called IP SCAN and Install program.
Open program and then Press the SCAN button in the GUI. You will see an
IP address and MAC address and Port number as well
OBTAINING THE IP ADDRESS OF
AVN PUSHVIDEO CAMERA
LOGGING INTO AVN PUSHVIDEO
CAMERA
AFTER LOGGING IN / SETUP
WIZARD
AFTER WIZARD PAGE
SETTING CAMERA TO STATIC
CHANGING TO STATIC
ENABLING PORT FORWARDING
IN A CISCO ROUTER
Log into router. This is the Default Gateway that came up when you did the
IPCONFIG.
You will need to know your default password and username to log in.
This is a CISCO ES4500 btw
PORT FORWARDING STEPS
WEB SITES THAT HELP WITH
PORT FORWARDING
http://screenshots.portforward.com/ Screen Shots of Most Manufac. Routers
http://www.yougetsignal.com/ Open Port tester
http://www.speedtest.net/ Speed tester; This will help when testing for
latency. Gives upload and download speeds.
REMEMBER recommended speeds should be 1Mbps down and 2Mbps up
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
THE END