Department of Criminal Justice California State University - Bakersfield CRJU 100 Introduction to Criminal Justice Dr.
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Transcript Department of Criminal Justice California State University - Bakersfield CRJU 100 Introduction to Criminal Justice Dr.
Department of Criminal Justice
California State University - Bakersfield
CRJU 100
Introduction to Criminal Justice
Dr. Abu-Lughod, Reem Ali
The History of Control
Before there were prisons:
No CJS to punish and deal with violators
Family, tribes enforcing laws
Blood feuds
Corporal Punishment:
Revenge
Physical harm on body relatively equal to crime
committed
1) Torture: disembowelment or impaling but now
solitary confinement
Michael Foucault: Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
Torture as justice
2) Flogging (whipping)
Leather thongs
3) Branding:
Assuring community offender has been punished
Repeat offenders branded on their forehead
Women wore identification on clothing
4) Mutilation
Eye for eye
5) Humiliation:
Verbal or physical
6) Shock Death:
Hanging
Psychological torture
ECONOMIC PUNISHMENT:
1)
The Galley: Ships powered by prisoners and slaves
2)
Workhouses: bad living conditions and treatment. 1779
Penitentiary Act passed, reform legislation to address
living conditions. Did not work but gave feds authority to
oversee prison system
3)
Exile and transportation: exchange of labor for money
Prisons in America:
replaced workhouses
A) Control in Colonies: all housed together.
The Quakers movement in Pennsylvania:
incarceration and hard labor preferable to corporal
punishment
Walnut Street Jail: no women housed with men
Used as military prison ion Revolutionary War. Was
converted into nation’s 1st penitentiary housing
serious offenders. Set tone for formal prisons
Castle Island: another modern pen
Development of the Pen:
Two systems: 1) Pennsylvania and Auburn
Penn: known as Cherry Hill
Separate and silent
Solitary confinement
Then overcrowding
Auburn in NY
Congregate and silent: eat and work together but
locked in isolation and no face-to-face contact
AGE OF REFORM:
1860-1900
Charles Dickens toured Penns and criticized it
Yes for reform
Irish system of reform:
Punish but focus on reintegration
Developed 3 systems:
1) Alexander Maconochie: making inmate trustworthy to soc
2 beliefs: cruelty will create problems and must focus on
reintegration
Instituted indeterminate sentences
Marks of commendation system
2) Sir Walter Crofton:
Ticket of leave, conditional release under police
supervision
3) Zebulon Brockway:
Crofton and Maconochie’s models at the
reformatory in Elmira, NY.
Used 3-grade program for first time offender
No supervision after release. If in solitary
confinement then bread and water only for months
Prison Labor and Public Works: 1900-1930
work as beneficial
Keep them out of trouble
Rehab and offset cost of incarceration
Make goods used by state government, e.g.office
furniture
Today: clean highway trash, dressed in prison
attire for humiliation
Age of Rehabilitation:
Very important goal of CJS esp since 1930s
Criminologists and correctional practitioners
perceived criminality in a different manner
“germ theory of medicine”
Rehab not fully accomplished:
Lack of resources
Consensus
Medical model: flawed
Retributive Era: 1970s to present
Mov’t away from rehab
1960s events caused change
E.g. political movement: minorities, youth and
women challenged how soc treated them, and
inmates challenged conditions and confinement
Courts had “hands off” policy in matters concerning
prison operation
1960s: more constitutional rights
Black Panther Party and Black Muslims wanted
legitimacy of their political orgs
Change from rehab to retribution
1)
2)
3)
Determinate sentences
Voluntary treatment
Abolition of parole: no early release although not
fully accomplished: critics “soft on crime”
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT :
Method of social control
Controversial
Courts limited execution on mentally ill for
deterrence and understanding
Supporters to death penalty:
Deterrent: specific and general deterrence
Just deserts model: for soc justice
Retribution model: eye for an eye
Against death penalty:
Old testament of Bible “thou shall not kill”
Deterrence
Barbaric
Racial biases
Social class
Innocence