Smarter Balanced Assessments 2014-15 Webinar #1 October 20, 2014 OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION Division of Assessment and Student Information.

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Transcript Smarter Balanced Assessments 2014-15 Webinar #1 October 20, 2014 OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION Division of Assessment and Student Information.

Smarter Balanced Assessments
2014-15
Webinar #1
October 20, 2014
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Division of Assessment and Student Information
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Today’s Topics

Big Picture Overview

Digital Library

Interim Assessments

Summative Assessments

Other State Assessments (Exit Exams)
October 20, 2014 | Slide 2
Big Picture Overview
3
October 20, 2014
Big Picture Overview

State Assessments in 3 content areas
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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ELA and Math assessed with Smarter Balanced
Science still assessed with MSP and Biology EOC
Smarter Balanced Components: Digital Library, Interim
Assessments, Summative Assessments
Transition from grant to vendor
Accountability

HS changes from Grade 10 to Grade 11
October 20, 2014 | Slide 4
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Summative Assessments 2014–15 and beyond
English/LA
Mathematics
Grade 3
Smarter
Smarter
Grade 4
Smarter
Smarter
Grade 5
Smarter
Smarter
Grade 6
Smarter
Smarter
Grade 7
Smarter
Smarter
Grade 8
Smarter
Smarter
MSP
Grade10
Smarter ELA
exit exam
Year 1or Year 2
EOC exit exam
EOC Biology
exit exam (until NGSS)
Smarter
Smarter
(or below for EOCs)
(until Class of 2019)
Grade 11
Grade 11 or 12
(class of 2015 & 2016)
Science (no change)
MSP
HSPE Reading and/or
Writing Retake
Smarter=Smarter Balanced Assessment; MSP=Measurements of Student
Progress;
EOC=End of Course exams; HSPE=High School proficiency Exam
October 20, 2014 | Slide 5
Smarter Balanced Assessments
Common
Core State
Standards
specify
K-12
expectations
for college
and career
readiness
Summative:
College and career
readiness
assessments for
accountability
Teachers and
schools have
information and
tools they need to
improve teaching
rand learning
Formative Educator
Resources:
Digital Library with
instructional and
professional learning
resources that include
embedded formative
assessment processes
All students
leave
high school
college
and career
ready
Interim:
Flexible and open
assessments, used
for actionable
feedback
Page 6
A System of Assessments
Smarter Balanced Sustainability
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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The Smarter Balanced grant is coming to an end
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4 years of development – remarkable accomplishments
Now housed at UCLA
Member states pay UCLA to use assessments
Joe Willhoft is retiring as of Dec 31; Tony Alpert has been
named executive director
Each state implements on their own, with common
protocols
Most states, including Washington, need a vendor to
assist with implementation
October 20, 2014 | Slide 8
New Smarter Balanced Vendor to
Support Our State’s Implementation
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Multi-Agency Assessment Cooperative (MAAC)
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Contract awarded to our new service provider
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Washington, Hawaii, Idaho, South Dakota, US Virgin
Islands, West Virginia partnered on an RFP
Smarter Balanced assessments (common to all) and state
specific (Science MSP and EOC, new state exit exams)
American Institutes for Research (AIR)
Kick off meeting held last week (10-16-2014)
Current vendors assisting through fall/winter
October 20, 2014 | Slide 9
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Training Plan in Context of MAAC
Smarter
Balanced
AIR – MAAC
Customization
OSPI
Customization
October 20, 2014 | Slide 10
Tests for Accountability
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
(95% participation expected)
October 20, 2014 | Slide 11
Digital Library
Educator resources for
formative assessment practices
to improve instruction
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October 20, 2014
Digital Library

Access
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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District Assessment Coordinators (DACs), or their designees,
should enroll instructional and support staff who work
directly with students in their districts.
Functionality
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The Digital Library offers professional learning resources and
instructional materials—like lesson plans, units, and learning
modules—for educators to use daily with students and staff.
Resources span K-12 and are aligned to Washington State
Learning Standards for English language arts and mathematics.
Resources are also aligned to formative assessment practices.
October 20, 2014 | Slide 13
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Digital Library

How to Add Users (Demonstration of what ought to
happen)
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Known issues and solutions/recommendations
October 10, 2014 Slide 14
Digital Library
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Known Bugs:
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Email addresses cannot have apostrophes
Email addresses are case-sensitive
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Coordinators sometimes see users from other states
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But cannot edit or change them
Export only includes users listed on the current screen
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It’s possible create two accounts that only differ in case of email addresses.
We recommend creating all accounts using lower case; if it’s too late for
that, the correct case can be found in the original upload file, by searching in
ART* or in the welcome email*
This is causing problems with OSPI’s effort’s to support password resets
Estimate is 2-3 weeks for these issues
October 10, 2014 Slide 15
Digital Library
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The Big Problems (and what we’re doing to fix them)
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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If user has a state and district role, District Coordinators
cannot see the records in ART
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Short Term Solution: contact OSPI to remove STATE records
Long Term Solution: working with Smarter to get the complete list of
WA’s users and removing all STATE level records (may disrupt some
users)
User never logged in during preview and doesn’t have temp
email
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Short Term Solution: School or District Coordinator can reset oneby-one (unreasonable in most districts)
Long Term Solution #1: OSPI resets every password in the state
Long Term Solution #2: allow all users to use ‘forgot password’ even if
they don’t have a security question for a limited time period
October 10, 2014 Slide 16
Digital Library
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Big Problems (continued)
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Emails not coming through
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(NOTE: emails only created during initial account creation)
Whitelist [email protected] BEFORE
uploading lists to ART
Check school/district level spam/junk/quarantine folders to see if the
emails hit the server or not to isolate if the issue is local or remote
Issue seems to be consistently district wide (suggests local issue, but
working to confirm)
OSPI working on providing dedicated staff for firewall issues, but can
provide additional sender info to help configure firewalls (“Tier 2
Support”).
Password issues should be resolved by early next week;
email triage on a case-by-case basis
October 10, 2014 Slide 17
Digital Library Basics
•
•
•
•
The Digital Library is accessed through a single sign-on with user
permission levels so educators have access to all of the instructional
and professional learning resources for each grade (Grades
K-12).
There are resources that educators can share or use with students and
families, but students and families will not be able to access materials
directly.
All resources will have the formative assessment process embedded
within them. But the Digital Library WILL NOT be a “bank” of
formative assessment items alone.
All submitted materials will be vetted through a Quality Criteria
Review Process by reviewers across the nation.
• Each resource reviewed and rated by at least 3 trained educators
• If resources do not meet the quality criteria, they are not included in
the library
Page 18
Resources in the Digital Library
Assessment
Literacy Modules
Exemplar
Instructional Modules
Educational
Resources
• Commissioned professional development modules
• Resources for students and families
• Frame formative assessment within a balanced assessment system
• Articulate the formative assessment process
• Highlight formative assessment practices and tools
• Commissioned professional development modules
• Instructional materials for educators
• Instructional materials for students
• Demonstrate/support effective implementation of the formative process
• Focus on key content and practice from the Common Core State
Standards for Mathematics and English Language Arts
• High-quality vetted instructional resources and tools for educators
• High-quality vetted resources and tools for students and families
• Reflect and support the formative process
• Reflect and support the Common Core State Standards for
Mathematics and English Language Arts
• Create Professional Learning Communities
* Resources include the following file types: Video, HTML5, Audio, PPT, Excel, Word, and PDF.
Page 19
Digital Library Functionality
• Enables State Networks of
Educators and State
Leadership Teams to submit,
review, and publish resources
• Allows educators to view,
download, and rate resources
• Uses state-of-the-art tagging
and search to quickly find
resources by CCSS and other
topics
• Enables educators from across
the Consortium to
collaborate and share their
knowledge
• Facilitates access to resources
that are stored in participating
libraries
Slide 20
Filtering for the Resource and Modules
Types
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Difference Between
Educational Resources and Modules
Educational Resources
Modules
A Green Check in the top corner marks the
resource as “posted with distinction.”
Page 22
Digital Library: Collaboration
Page 23
Digital Library: Collaboration
Page 25
Digital Library: Collaboration
Page 26
Digital Library: Collaboration
Page 27
Grounded in this Definition of
Formative Assessment Process
•
Formative Assessment is a deliberate process used
by teachers and students during instruction that
provides actionable feedback that is used to adjust
ongoing teaching and learning strategies to improve
students’ attainment of curricular learning
targets/goals.
~ Compiled by the Digital Library National Advisory Panel
Page 29
All Resources are Grounded in the Four
Attributes of the Formative Assessment
Process and Reviewed using Quality
Criteria
Clarify
Intended
Learning
Elicit
Evidence
Act on
Evidence
Interpret
Evidence
Page 30
Interim Assessments
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October 20, 2014
Interim Assessment Design Principles
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Administered through the same system as Summative
Items drawn from same pool as Summative; full array of
item types
Can be administered at various points in the year
Optional for districts
Online administration
Adhere to Usability, Accessibility, and Accommodations
Guidelines
Adaptive as appropriate (2015-16)
Not intended for accountability decisions
October 20, 2014 | Slide 35
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Interim Assessment Components
Interim
Assessment
Interim
Comprehensive
Assessment (ICA)
Interim Assessment
Blocks
(IAB)
October 20, 2014 | Slide 36
Interim Assessment User Interface,
Scoring and Reporting
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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User interface
 Details for accessing items are not yet determined. Interim
test engine is still in development.
Scoring
 Interim assessments will have various item types, most of
which will be machine scored
 Hand scoring will be a local (school/classroom)
responsibility
 Rubrics and training will be provided online as part of the
system
October 20, 2014 | Slide 37
Interim Assessment User Interface,
Scoring and Reporting, continued
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Reporting
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Interim Comprehensive Assessment (ICA)
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
Overall composite scale score
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Achievement levels
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Claim level information
Interim Assessment Blocks (IABs)
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Report same information as Summative Assessment
Report information consistent with claim level information
Item level reporting is a future feature (not on current work
plan)
October 20, 2014 | Slide 38
Interim Assessments Timeline
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Interim Assessments will be available Jan 6th
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Jan 6th – Comprehensive Interim
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Jan 27th – Interim Assessment Blocks
Initial release will include a fixed forms; adaptive forms
will be available as the item pool allows
October 20, 2014 | Slide 42
Current Timelines
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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All components of Smarter Balanced will be operational
in 2014-15
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Digital Library now available!
Interim assessments available Jan 6th (Comprehensive) and
Jan 27th (Blocks)
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Summative assessments administered in spring 2015
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11th grade – last 7 weeks of year
3-8th grade – last 12 weeks of year (3rd gr ELA more limited)
 Grade 3 ELA results must be returned in time for principals
to meet with parents before the end of the year so window is
short and early
Student score reports available June 2015 (or three weeks after
school’s testing is completed if online)
October 20, 2014 | Slide 43
Summative Assessments
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October 20, 2014
Summative Assessments
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Administration windows
Paper/pencil option
AIR Portal
Cut scores
October 20, 2014 | Slide 45
Summative Assessments Administration Windows
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Smarter Balanced
2015 Testing Windows
Grade 3 ELA
March 9 10 to April 23 – online
March 9 10 to April 15 – paper/pencil
Grade 3 Math
Last 12 weeks of school, but no earlier than
March 9 10 and no later than June 15 – online
March 9 10 to May 20 – paper/pencil
Grades 4–8 ELA and Math
Last 12 weeks of school, but no earlier than
March 9 10 and no later than June 15 – online
March 9 10 to May 20 – paper/pencil
Grade 11 ELA and Math
Last 7 weeks of school, but no earlier than April
6 and no later than June 15 – online
Last 3 weeks of school, but no later than May
30 – paper/pencil
October 20, 2014 | Slide 46
Summative Assessments Administration Windows
Measurements of Student Progress (MSP)
2015 Testing Windows
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Grades 5 and 8 Science
April 20 to June 5 – online
April 20 to May 19 – paper/pencil
High School Exit Exams (HSPE) (Off Grade) (EOC) (ELA)
2015 Testing Windows
Grades 11 and 12 HSPE Retake
o Reading
o Writing
Grade 10 ELA exit exam
March 17
March 18–19
Math EOC exit exams
Last 12 weeks of school, but no earlier than
March 10 and no later than June 15 – online
May 12–13 OR May 19–20 paper/pencil
May 11 to June 12
Biology EOC exit exam
May 11 to June 12
Off Grade Level testing (formerly
known as DAPE)
Last 12 weeks of school, but no earlier than
March 9 10 and no later than June 15 – online
October 20, 2014 | Slide 47
Summative Assessments – Paper/Pencil
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Smarter Balanced 3–8 and 11 paper/pencil tests will cost
$6.00 per test per content area ($12.00 per student if using
paper for both ELA and Math).
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Additional costs do not apply to MSP science Grades 5 and 8,
HSPEs, Off Grade Level tests, EOCs, or Grade 10 ELA.
Selection of paper/pencil is at a school by grade by content area
(e.g., a school use online except for 5th grade math).
Print-on-demand tests required for visually impaired
students (documented on the Individualized Education
Program), are available through the Smarter Balanced testing
engine at no cost to districts.
October 20, 2014 | Slide 48
Summative Assessments – Paper/Pencil
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Paper/pencil tests are fixed forms – not computer
adaptive. This means students will likely take longer to
complete paper/pencil tests than online tests.
The online test engine for Smarter Balanced incorporates
a multitude of embedded usability, accessibility, and
accommodations – districts will need to provide those
accommodations or have individual students who need
accommodations test online.
Scoring paper/pencil tests will take longer than scoring
online tests. Shipping paper/pencil tests back to the
scoring vendor will necessitate a shorter testing window
to minimize the delay in scoring and reporting.
October 20, 2014 | Slide 49
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Washington’s Smarter Balanced Portal
(Mockup)
October 20, 2014 | Slide 50
Alphabet Soup
Assessment and Registration Tool (ART)
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
•
•
Digital Library User Sign-on
Test Information Distribution Engine (TIDE)
•
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•
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Registering students
Enrolling new students
Managing and editing users/students
Processing and viewing test invalidations
Test Delivery System (TDS)
•
•
•
Test Administrator Interface
Student Interface
October 20, 2014 | Slide 51
Training Plan
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OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Webinars for District Assessment Coordinators (OSPI/AIR)
Smarter Balanced training modules (customized for MAAC/OSPI)
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What is a CAT
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Technology Requirements for Online Testing
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Performance Tasks Overview
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Student Interface for Online Testing
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Accessibility and Accommodations
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Universal Tools
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Tech Readiness
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Test Administrator (TA) Interface
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Test Administration Training
Test Administrator course (for test proctors)
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How to:
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Start and administer tests
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Approve students for testing
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Monitor a test session
October 20, 2014 | Slide 52
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Smarter Balanced + Higher Ed
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Washington has had unprecedented movement to use
mandatory high school tests in college placement
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Recently announced - Agreement to provide access to
credit bearing courses to 11th graders who score a 3 or 4
on the Smarter Balanced ELA and math tests
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Washington’s Community Colleges
Washington’s Baccalaureates
October 20, 2014 | Slide 56
Setting a New Baseline
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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New content standards:
Clear expectations for educators, students and parents about the
knowledge and skills students need to be on track for college
and/or career
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New assessments:
Challenging and engaging for students, provide teachers and
school leaders with better information to help students

New performance baseline:
Proficiency scores developed by educators that reflect high
expectations for students (achievement level setting)
October 20, 2014 | Slide 57
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
What is “Achievement Level Setting”?
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Formerly known as “standard-setting”
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Process of establishing one or more scores for
proficiency on a test
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Allows state and local education agencies to create
categories of performance for students
October 20, 2014 | Slide 58
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Achievement Level Setting Timeline
April 30
• State chiefs approve plan/process for
Achievement Level Setting
October 6-17
• Online Panel opened to thousands of
educators and other constituents
October 13-19
• In-Person panels convened to recommend
grade-level performance standards
October 20
• Vertical Articulation by subgroup of In-Person
panels looks at across-grade coherence
October 30
• Technical Advisory Committee reviews
proceedings
November 6
• State chiefs vote to endorse achievement
level recommendations
October 20, 2014 | Slide 59
What about Graduation?
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Legislature has given the State Board the option to set a
different cut score for graduation purposes
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The ELA exit exam cut score will be determined from 10th
graders’ performance on the Smarter Balanced HS ELA test
(for classes of 2015-2018, at least).

Math EOC exit exam cut scores will be determined from this
year’s performance on new EOC tests (for classes of 20152018). Exit exam cut score on Smarter Balanced math may
also be set next summer – SBE discussion next month.
October 20, 2014 | Slide 60
Other State Assessments (Exit
Exams)
61
October 20, 2014
Other State Assessments – HS Exit
Exams
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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ELA Exit Exam
Retakes and Alternatives for High School Graduation
Supt. Dorn’s Legislative Proposals
October 20, 2014 | Slide 62
ELA Exit Exam
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Legislation calls for OSPI to develop a comprehensive
ELA exit exam for 10th graders to use to fulfill assessment
graduation requirement, using Smarter Balanced items
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Limited items available to states would necessitate paper/pencil
format
Paper/pencil precludes CAT
Test map would be same as 11th grade test
Items would be the same as 11th grade test
Why not just use “11th grade” test?
October 20, 2014 | Slide 63
ELA Exit Exam – News!
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Wa’s ELA Exit Exam will use the same test engine and
item bank as HS Smarter Balanced ELA test (used in 11th
grade for school and district accountability)
In other words, the Smarter Balanced ELA test will be
taken by 11th graders for accountability but should be
available to10th graders for graduation purposes (to allow
time for remediation and retakes)
An Exit Exam cut score will be set by the State Board for
graduation purposes based on 10th graders’ performance
The College & Career Ready cut score set by the
consortium will be used for accountability (11th graders)
October 20, 2014 | Slide 64
ELA Exit Exam – more detail
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Wa’s ELA Exit Exam will now be available online –
administration within last 12 weeks of school (but no
later than June 15). Previously expected to be
paper/pencil only.
Fixed form paper/pencil can be used (at no cost) –
administration May 12–14 OR May 19–21.
Only online test will be Computer Adaptive.
If a student meets or exceeds the College and Career
Ready cut score in 10th grade, we will bank their score so
they won’t need to be tested in 11th grade.
October 20, 2014 | Slide 65
High School Assessment Graduation
Requirements Vary by ‘Class of’ Cohort
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Class
of…
English Language Arts
Writing HSPE
Mathematics
Science
2014
Reading HSPE
2015
Reading HSPE
2016
HSPEs or
Smarter Balanced
(exit exam cut score)
2017 &
2018
Smarter Balanced
(exit exam cut score)
Either Algebra 1/Integrated Math 1 or
Geometry/Integrated Math 2
EOC/EOC Exit Exam
or
Smarter Balanced
(exit exam cut score)
2019
and
beyond
Smarter Balanced
(college & career ready cut score)
Smarter Balanced
(college & career ready cut score)
Writing HSPE
Either Algebra 1/Integrated Math 1 or
Geometry/Integrated Math 2 EOC
Either Algebra 1/Integrated Math 1 or
Geometry/Integrated Math 2
EOC/EOC Exit Exam
Biology EOC
(until Next
Gen Science
Standards)
October 20, 2014 | Slide 66
Assessment Menu – English Language
Arts
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
General Assessments
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Smarter Balanced ELA
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Alternatives
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Exit Exam Cut Score
College/Career Ready Cut Score
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HSPE in Reading and Writing
(retakes for 11th and 12th graders) 


Collection of Evidence
College Entrance Scores
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SAT, ACT, IB, AP
Out of State Tests
Grades Comparison
Recent Transfer Waiver
Special Education
Alternatives
October 20, 2014 | Slide 67
Assessment Menu - Mathematics
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
General Assessments
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Smarter Balanced Math
Yr1 & Yr2 EOC Exit Exams
Alternatives
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Collection of Evidence
College Entrance Scores
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SAT, ACT, IB, AP
Out of State Tests
Grades Comparison
Recent Transfer Waiver
Special Education
Alternatives
October 20, 2014 | Slide 68
Assessment Menu - Science
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
General Assessments
Biology EOC Exam (until
new NGSS comprehensive
exam is developed)

Alternatives
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
Collection of Evidence
College Entrance Scores
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


IB, AP
Out of State Tests
Grades Comparison
Recent Transfer Waiver
Special Education
Alternatives
October 20, 2014 | Slide 69
Superintendent Dorn’s legislative
proposals related to assessments
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
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Plan A: Eliminate assessment graduation requirements
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Use Common Core and Next Generation Science Standards
to prepare students for college and career.
Use Smarter Balanced assessments in grades 3-8 and 11 to
signal if students, teachers and systems are on track for
graduating students college and career ready.
Use the 11th grade tests as a “Green,Yellow, Red” indicator of
services/instruction needed in senior year.
Switch resources used for testing retakes and alternatives for
passing exit exams on direct instruction and preparation of
students.
October 20, 2014 | Slide 70
Superintendent Dorn’s proposals
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION

Plan B: Update and streamline options to fulfill assessment
graduation requirements
 Collection of Evidence in Math – reduce to just Year 1 math
(eliminate Geometry COE)
 Out of state test – must be test used for accountability or exit
exam in the other state
 Grades Comparison in Alg 1, Int 1, Geometry or Int 2 –
eliminate minimum GPA for access to this alternative
 Additional HS Credit (1.0) in content area – add this new
alternative
 College Credit in content area – add this new alternative
 Transfer Waiver – change date of transfer to January 1 of senior
year (from March 1)
October 20, 2014 | Slide 71
OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Thank you!
October 20, 2014 | Slide 76