Towards an International Virtual Observatory, Garching, 2002 Analyzing Large Datasets in Astrophysics (Living in an exponential world….) Alexander Szalay The Johns Hopkins University.
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Towards an International Virtual Observatory, Garching, 2002 Analyzing Large Datasets in Astrophysics (Living in an exponential world….) Alexander Szalay The Johns Hopkins University Outline Collecting Data Exponential Growth Making Discoveries Publishing Data VO: How will it work? Web Services Atomic vs Composite services Distributed queries with SkyQuery Cross-Matching Algorithm SkyNode Web Services + Portal Statistical Analysis of large data sets Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 2 The World is Exponential Astrophysical data is growing exponentially Doubling every year (Moore’s Law+): both data sizes and number of data sets Computational resources scale the same way Constant $$$ will keep up with the data Main problem is the software component Currently components are not reused Software costs are increasingly larger fraction Aggregate costs are growing exponentially Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 3 Making Discoveries When and where are discoveries made? Always at the edges and boundaries Going deeper, using more colors…. Metcalfe’s law Utility of computer networks grows as the number of possible connections: O(N2) VO: Federation of N archives Possibilities for new discoveries grow as O(N2) Current sky surveys have proven this Very early discoveries from SDSS, 2MASS, DPOSS Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 4 Publishing Data Roles Traditional Emerging Authors Scientists Collaborations Publishers Journals Project www site Curators Libraries Bigger Archives Consumers Scientists Scientists Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 5 Changing Roles Exponential growth: Projects last at least 3-5 years Data sent upwards only at the end of the project Data will be never centralized More responsibility on projects Becoming Publishers and Curators Larger fraction of budget spent on software Lot of development duplicated, wasted More standards are needed Easier data interchange, fewer tools More templates are needed Develop less software on your own Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 6 Emerging New Concepts Standardizing distributed data Web Services, supported on all platforms Custom configure remote data dynamically XML: Extensible Markup Language SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol WSDL: Web Services Description Language Standardizing distributed computing Grid Services Custom configure remote computing dynamically Build your own remote computer, and discard Virtual Data: new data sets on demand Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 7 NVO: How Will It Work? Define commonly used `atomic’ services Build higher level toolboxes/portals on top We do not build `everything for everybody’ Use the 90-10 rule: 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 # of users Define the standards and interfaces Build the framework Build the 10% of services that are used by 90% Let the users build the rest from the components 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 # of s e rvice s Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 8 Atomic Services Metadata information about resources Waveband Sky coverage Translation of names to universal dictionary (UCD) Simple search patterns on the resources Cone Search Image mosaic Unit conversions Simple filtering, counting, histogramming On-the-fly recalibrations Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 9 Higher Level Services Built on Atomic Services Perform more complex tasks Examples Automated resource discovery Cross-identifications Photometric redshifts Outlier detections Visualization facilities Expectation: Build custom portals in matter of days from existing building blocks (like today in IRAF or IDL) Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 10 SkyQuery Distributed Query tool using a set of services Feasibility study, built in 6 weeks from scratch Tanu Malik (JHU CS grad student) Tamas Budavari (JHU astro postdoc) Implemented in C# and .NET Won 2nd prize of Microsoft XML Contest Allows queries like: SELECT o.objId, o.r, o.type, t.objId FROM SDSS:PhotoPrimary o, TWOMASS:PhotoPrimary t WHERE XMATCH(o,t)<3.5 AND AREA(181.3,-0.76,6.5) AND o.type=3 and (o.I - t.m_j)>2 Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 11 Architecture Web Page Image cutout SkyQuery SkyNode SDSS SkyNode 2Mass SkyNode First Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 12 Cross-id Steps Parse query Get counts Sort by counts Make plan Cross-match SELECT o.objId, o.r, o.type, t.objId FROM SDSS:PhotoPrimary o, TWOMASS:PhotoPrimary t WHERE XMATCH(o,t)<3.5 AND AREA(181.3,-0.76,6.5) AND (o.i - t.m_j) > 2 AND o.type=3 Recursively, from small to large Select necessary attributes only Return output Insert cutout image Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 13 Monte-Carlo Simulation Comparing different algorithms for 3-way xid Transmit all the data Transmit after filtering Recursive cross-match Surveys 2000 1500 1000 SDSS 2MASS First 500 Random variables: 0 -4 Sky Area (0..10 sqdeg) Selectivity of each subselect (0..1) Efficiency of join (0.5..2) Selectivity of common select (0..1) -2 log cost 0 Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 2 4 14 SkyNode Metadata functions (SOAP) Info, Tables, Columns, Schema, Functions, Keysearch Query functions (SOAP) Dataset Query(String sqlCmd) Dataset Xmatch(Dataset input, String sqlCmd, float eps) Database MS SQL Server Upload dataset Very fast spatial search engine (HTM-based) crossmatch takes <3 ms/object over 15M in SDSS User defined functions and stored procedures Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 15 Data Flow query SkyQuery SkyNode 1 SkyNode 2 SkyNode 3 http://www.skyquery.net Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 16 Optimal Statistics The examples for optimal statistics have poor scaling Correlation functions N2, likelihood techniques N3 As data sizes grow at Moore’s law, computers can only keep up with at most N logN algorithms What goes? Notion of optimal is in the sense of statistical errors Assumes infinite computational resources Assumes that only source of error is statistical `Cosmic Variance’: we can only observe the Universe from one location (finite sample size) Solutions require combination of Statistics and CS New algorithms: not worse than N logN Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 17 Clever Data Structures Heavy use of tree structures: Up-front cost, but only N logN Large speedup later Tree-codes for correlations (A. Moore et al 2001) Fast, approximate heuristic algorithms No need to be more accurate than cosmic variance Fast CMB analysis by Szapudi etal (2001) • N logN instead of N3 => 1 day instead of 10 million years Take cost of computation into account Controlled level of accuracy Best result in a given time, given our computing resources Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 18 Angular Clustering with Photo-z w() by Peebles and Groth: The first example of publishing and analyzing large data Samples based on rest-frame quantities Strictly volume limited samples Largest angular correlation study to date Very clear detection of Luminosity and color dependence Results consistent with 3D clustering T. Budavari, A. Connolly, I. Csabai, I. Szapudi, A. Szalay, S. Dodelson, J. Frieman, R. Scranton, D. Johnston and Alex the Szalay, SDSS Garching Collaboration 2002 19 The Samples 2800 square degrees in 10 stripes, data in custom DB All: 50M mr<21 : 15M 10 stripes: 10M 0.1<z<0.3 -20 > Mr 0.1<z<0.5 -21.4 > Mr 2.2M 3.1M -20 > Mr >-21 -21 > Mr >-23 -21 > Mr >-22 1182k 931k 662k -22 > Mr >-23 343k 254k 185k 316k 280k 326k 185k 127k Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 269k 20 The Stripes 10 stripes over the SDSS area, covering about 2800 square degrees About 20% lost due to bad seeing Masks: seeing, bright stars, etc. Images generated from query by web service Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 21 The Masks Stripe 11 + masks Masks are derived from the database Search and intersect extended objects with boundaries Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 22 The Analysis eSpICE : I.Szapudi, S.Colombi and S.Prunet Integrated with the database by T. Budavari Extremely fast processing (N logN) 1 stripe with about 1 million galaxies is processed in 3 mins Usual figure was 10 min for 10,000 galaxies => 70 days Each stripe processed separately for each cut 2D angular correlation function computed w(): average with rejection of pixels along the scan flat field vector causes mock correlations Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 23 Angular Correlations I. Luminosity dependence: 3 cuts -20> M > -21 -21> M > -22 -22> M > -23 Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 24 Angular Correlations II. Color Dependence 4 bins by rest-frame SED type Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 25 Summary Exponential data growth – distributed data Web Services – hierarchical architecture Use the 90-10 rule (maybe 80-20) There are clever ways to federate datasets! Statistical analyses do not follow Moore’s law Need to revisit optimal statistics Give interesting new tools into the hands of smart young people… They will quickly turn them into cutting edge science Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 26 Virtual Observatory Astronomy with an attitude… Alex Szalay, Garching 2002 27