Transcript NP hard

NP – HARD
JAYASRI JETTI
CHINMAYA KRISHNA SURYADEVARA
P and NP
P – The set of all problems solvable in polynomial
time by a deterministic Turing Machine (DTM).
Example: Sorting and searching.
P and NP
• NP- the set of all problems solvable in
polynomial time by non deterministic Turing
Machine (NDTM)
• Example Partition.
P is a subset of NP
NP complete
• NP – Complete (NP – C): the set of all problems in
NP “at least as hard” as every other problem in
NP.
• To prove a problem x is NP complete
– Show that x is in NP
– Show that some other NP - C problem reduces to x
• If an NP hard problem can be solved in
polynomial time, then all NP complete problems
can be solved in polynomial time.
• NP – H includes all NP - C problems
Deterministic and non deterministic
problems
• Algorithm is deterministic if for a given input
the output generated is same for function.
• A mathematical function is deterministic
hence the state is known at every step of
algorithm.
• Algorithm is nondeterministic if there are
more than one path the algorithm can take.
Due to this one cannot determine the next
state of the machine running the algorithm.
• To specify such algorithms we introduce three
statements
– Choice(s)
– Failure
– Success
- arbitrary choose one of the elements of
the set S
- signals an unsuccessful completion
- signals a successful completion
• Whenever there is a set of choices that leads
to a successful completion than one search set
of choices is always made and the algorithm
terminates.
• A nondeterministic algorithm terminates
unsuccessfully iff there exists no set of choices
leading to a successful signal
• A machine capable of executing a
nondeterministic algorithm is called a
nondeterministic machine.
• While nondeterministic machine do not exist
in practice they will provide strong reason to
conclude that certain problems cannot be
solved by fast deterministic algorithms
• Example of nondeterministic algorithm
// the problem is to search for an element X//
//output j such that A(j) = x; or j = 0 if x is not in A//
j -> choice (1:n)
If A(j)= x then print (j); success end if
Print (‘0’); failure
Complexity O(1);
Nondeterministic decision algorithms generate a
zero or 1 as their output.
Definition of classes NP - hard and
NP - complete
• P is a set of all decision problems solvable by a
deterministic algorithm in polynomial time.
• NP is a set of all decision problems solvable by
a nondeterministic algorithm in polynomial
time.
• Since deterministic algorithms are special case
of nondeterministic ones, we can conclude
that PNP
Reducibility
Let L1 and L2 be problems. L1 reduces to L2 (L1
 L2) if and only if there is a deterministic
polynomial time algorithm to solve L1 that
solves L2 in polynomial time
If L1  L2 and L2  L3 then L1  L3
Definition: NP-Hard problem: a problem L is NP
hard iff satisfiability reduces to L
Definition : NP-complete Problem :
• A problem L is NP-complete if and only if L is NP-hard
and L є NP.
• There are NP-hard problems that are not NP-complete.
Example :
• Halting problem is NP-hard decision problem, but it is
not NP-complete.
Halting Problem :
• To determine for an arbitrary deterministic algorithm A
and an input I whether algorithm A with input I ever
terminates (or enters an infinite loop).
Halting problem is not NP-complete;
but NP-hard
• Halting problem is un-decidable.
- Hence there exists no algorithm to solve this
problem.
- So, it is not in NP.
- So, it is not NP-complete.
Halting problem is NP-hard
• To show that Halting problem is NP-hard, we
show that satisfiability is  halting problem.
• For this let us construct an algorithm A whose
input is a prepositional formula X.
- Suppose X has n variables.
- Algorithm A tries out all 2n possible truth
assignments and verifies if X is satisfiable.
Halting problem is NP-hard (Contd..)
- If it is satisfied then A stops.
- If X is not satisfiable, then A enters an infinite
loop.
- Hence A halts on input iff X is satisfiable.
- If we had a polynomial time algorithm for the
halting problem, then we could solve the
satisfiability problem in polynomial time using A
and X as input to the algorithm for the halting
problem .
- Hence the halting problem is an NP-hard problem
which is not in NP.
- So it is not NP-complete.
NP-HARD GRAPH AND SCHEDULING
PROBLEMS (CONTD..)
1. Chromatic Number Decision Problem (CNP)
• A coloring of a graph G = (V,E) is a function
f : V  { 1,2, …, k}  i  V .
• If (U,V) E then f(u)  f(v).
• The CNP is to determine if G has a coloring
for a given K.
• Satisfiability with at most three literals per
clause  chromatic number problem.
 CNP is NP-hard.
NP-HARD GRAPH AND SCHEDULING
PROBLEMS (contd..)
2. Directed Hamiltonian Cycle (DHC)
• Let G = (V,E) be a directed graph and length n =
V
• The DHC is a cycle that goes through every
vertex exactly once and then returns to the
starting vertex.
• The DHC problem is to determine if G has a
directed Hamiltonian Cycle.
Theorem : CNF (Conjunctive Normal Form)
satisfiability  DHC
 DHC is NP-hard.
NP-HARD GRAPH AND SCHEDULING
PROBLEMS (CONTD..)
3. Travelling Salesperson Decision Problem
(TSP) :
• The problem is to determine if a complete
directed graph G = (V,E) with edge costs
C(u, v) has a tour of cost at most M.
Theorem : Directed Hamiltonian Cycle (DHC) 
TSP
 TSP is NP-hard.
SOME SIMPLIIFIED NP-HARD
PROBLEMS
• An NP-hard problem L cannot be solved in
deterministic polynomial time.
• By placing enough restrictions on any NP
hard problem, we can arrive at a polynomial
solvable problem.
Examples.
(i) CNF(conjuctive normal form)- Satisfiability
with at most three literals per clause is NPhard.
If each clause is restricted to have at most
two literals then CNF-satisfiability is
polynomial solvable
(ii)Generating optimal code for a parallel
assignment statement is NP-hard,
- however if the expressions are restricted
to be simple variables, then optimal code can
be generated in polynomial time.
(iii)Generating optimal code for level one
directed a- cyclic graphs is NP-hard but
optimal code for trees can be generated in
polynomial time.
(iv)Determining if a planner graph is three
colorable is NP-Hard
- To determine if it is two colorable is a
polynomial complexity problem.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CY_klh5u
D-E
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