Transcript Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales, Magnoliids, Ceratophyllales Michael G. Simpson.

Diversity And Classification of
Flowering Plants:
Amborellales, Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales,
Magnoliids, Ceratophyllales
Michael G. Simpson
How do we know angiosperm relationships?
Cladistic analyses: parsimony, maximum
likelihood, Bayesian
Use of all types of data: morphological,
anatomical, embryological, palynological,
karyological, chemical, and molecular data
Most useful: multiple gene sequence data
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
(APG III) system - 2009
Use of orders (end in “-ales”) to classify one
or more families
Orders are well-supported based on measures
of clade robustness (bootstrap, jackknife)
Some orders further grouped into higher taxa
(e.g., monocots, Asterids, etc.)
Floral Formulas
Measures number of parts (merosity & cycly):
K = calyx
C = corolla
P = perianth
A = androecium G = gynoecium
( ) = fusion of like parts
[ ] = less common
E.g.,
• K (5) [(4)] C 5 [4] A 5+5 [4+4] G 5 [4], superior
• P (3+3) A 3+3 G (3), inferior
Floral Diagrams
Cross-sectional representation of a flower
Amborellales - the most basal,
extant angiosperm lineage
• Monotypic (1 family, 1 species)
Amborellaceae
Amborella trichopoda
Native to New Caledonia
Amborellaceae
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The Amborellaceae are distinctive in being vesselless, evergreen shrubs with unisexual flowers having
an undifferentiated, spiral perianth, numerous,
laminar stamens, and an apocarpous, apically-open
gynoecium, with 1-ovuled carpels.
• Male flowers: P 5-8 A ∞
• Female flowers: P 5-8 G 5-6, superior
Amborella trichopoda
Amborella trichopoda
Photo by Tim Stevens U. C. S. C.
Photo by Missouri Botanical Garden
Flowers unisexual:
male (left)
female (above)
Amborella, if it represents a
“primitive” angiosperm:
• vessel-less (no vessels, only tracheids)
• woody shrub with simple, glabrous,
evergreen leaves
• flowers unisexual
• perianth undifferentiated
• stamens numerous, laminar
• gynoecium apocarpous
• fruit an aggregate of drupes
• seeds endospermous
NYMPHAEALES
Three families:
Cabombaceae
Hydatellaceae
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaeaceae - Water-Lily family
(Nymphe, a water nymph).
6 genera / 60 species
The Nymphaeaceae are distinguished from related
families in consisting of aquatic herbs with
floating leaves and solitary, floating to emergent
flowers with mostly spiral floral parts and petals
grading into usually laminar stamens.
K 4-6 [-14] C 8-∞ [0] A ∞ G (3-∞), superior or
inferior.
Nuphar luteum Spadder-dock
Nymphaea spp.
Water-lily
Nymphaea sp.
Nymphaea sp.
Victoria reginae
AUSTROBAILEYALES
Austrobaileyaceae
Illiciaceae
Schisandraceae
Trimeniaceae
Illiciaceae
The Illiciaceae are distinctive in being evergreen
trees or shrubs with aromatic oil cells, glabrous,
spiral pellucid-punctate, exstipulate leaves, and
small flowers with numerous, spiral tepals (outer
sepal-like, inner petal-like), few to numerous
stamens,
and
few-numerous,
one-seeded,
apocarpous pistils, the fruit a follicetum.
P ∞ [7-33] A ∞ [4-50]
hypanthium absent.
G ∞ [5-21], superior,
Illiciaceae
Illiciaceae
Illicium verum, star anise - spice
LAURALES
Atherospermataceae
Calycanthaceae
Gomortegaceae
Hernandiaceae
Lauraceae
Monimiaceae
Siparunaceae
Lauraceae- Laurel family
(L. laurus, laurel or bay). 45 genera / 2200 species
The Lauraceae are distinguished from related
families in consisting of perennial trees or shrubs
(rarely vines) with aromatic oil glands, evergreen
leaves, an undifferentiated perianth, valvular
anther dehiscence, and a single, superior ovary
having one ovule per carpel with apical
placentation, seeds lacking endosperm.
P 3+3 [6, 2+2, or 3+3+3] A 3-12+ G 1 [-(3)],
superior, rarely inferior, hypanthium present
Lauraceae
Economically imporant members
Cinnamomum cassia
Cinnamomum zelanicum
Cinnamomum camphora
Laurus nobilis
Persea americana
cassia
cinnamon
camphor
bay / laurel
avocado
Laurus nobilis
Laurel Lauraceae
valvular anther dehiscence
Laurus nobilis
Laurel Lauraceae
• Persea americana Avocado Lauraceae
• Persea americana Avocado Lauraceae
• Cinnamomum camphora Camphor Lauraceae
MAGNOLIALES
Annonaceae
Degeneriaceae
Eupomatiaceae
Himantandraceae
Magnoliaceae
Myristicaceae
Magnoliaceae - Magnolia family
(after Pierre Magnol of Monpelier, 1638-1715)
7 genera / 200 species
The Magnoliaceae are distinguished from related families
in consisting of trees and shrubs with stipulate leaves,
solitary flowers, a usually undifferentiated petaloid
perianth with numerous tepals, and numerous, spiral
stamens and an apocarpous gynoecium of numerous,
spiral pistils born on elongate receptacular axis (torus
or androgynophore); the fruit is an aggregate of
follicles, berries, or samaras, seeds usu. with a
sarcotesta.
P ∞ A ∞ G ∞ [2-∞], superior.
Magnolia grandiflora
Magnolia grandiflora
Magnolia grandiflora
Michelia doltsopa
Michelia doltsopa
PIPERALES
Aristolochiaceae (incl. Lactoridaceae)
Hydnoraceae
Piperaceae
Saururaceae
Aristolochiaceae - Birthwort family
(Gr. aristos, best + lochia, childbirth, from resemblance of a species
of Aristolochia to the correct fetal position).
5-8 genera / 465-480 species
Calyx enlarged, petaloid
Corolla reduced to absent
Stamens adnate to style, forming gynostemium
Ovary inferior to half-inferior
Locules generally six.
K (3) C 0 [3] A 6-∞, usu. adnate to style G (4-6),
inferior (half-inferior).
Aristolochia elegans (left) & A. gigantea (right)
Dutchman’s Pipe Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia macrophylla Dutchman’s Pipe Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia trilobata Dutchman’s Pipe Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia trilobata Dutchman’s Pipe Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia californica in fruit
Dutchman’s Pipe Aristolochiaceae
Asarum canadense Aristolochiaceae
Hexastylis minor
Aristolochiaceae
Piperaceae - Pepper family
(piper, Indian name for pepper). 14 genera / 1940 species
The Piperaceae are distinctive in having a spadix
with numerous, very small, unisexual or bisexual
flowers lacking a perianth.
Economic importance includes Piper nigrum, the
source of black and white pepper; other species
are used for flavoring, medicinal plants, euphoric
plants (e.g., Piper methysticum, kava), and
cultivated ornamentals, e.g., Peperomia spp.
P 0 A 3+3 (1-10) G 1 or (G) 3,4, superior.
Black Pepper: Piper nigrum
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Family: Piperaceae
Vine
Part used: Fruit - drupe
Native to Malabar coast (India)
World’s most important spice
Black pepper
– unripe drupe (green) fermented, dried, ground
• White pepper
– ripe drupe (red)
– outer layer removed, inner dried, ground
Black Pepper: Piper nigrum
drupe
(of spadix)
Piper nigrum
unripe,
dried
unripe
drupes
unripe,
fermented
ripe,
exo-, mesocarp removed,
dried
ripe
drupes
Piper [Macropiper] excelsum Piperaceae
Piper [Macropiper] excelsum Piperaceae
Peperomia sp. Piperaceae
Saururaceae - Lizard's-Tail family
(Gr. saur, lizard + our, tail, in reference to the tail-shaped
inflorescence of Saururus cernuus). 4 genera / 6 species
The Saururaceae are distinctive in being
perennial herbs with a bracteate spike or
raceme and with flowers lacking a perianth,
the ovary solitary, many-ovulate, the fruit a
capsule.
P 0 A 3, 3+3, or 4+4 G (3-5), superior.
Anemopsis californica
Yerba Mansa
Saururaceae
Saururus cernuus
Lizard’s Tail
Saururaceae
CERATOPHYLLALES
Ceratophyllaceae only
The Ceratophyllaceae are distinguished from
related families in consisting of aquatic herbs
with whorled, dichotomously branched,
serrulate leaves and solitary, unisexual
flowers.
P (8-12) A 5-27 G 1, superior.
Ceratophyllum demersum