Chapter 45 Management of Patients with Urinary Disorders Lower Urinary Tract Infections Cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder), Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), and Urethritis (inflammation.
Download ReportTranscript Chapter 45 Management of Patients with Urinary Disorders Lower Urinary Tract Infections Cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder), Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), and Urethritis (inflammation.
Chapter 45 Management of Patients with Urinary Disorders 1 Lower Urinary Tract Infections Cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder), Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate gland), and Urethritis (inflammation of the urethra). Upper UTI; Pylonephritis (inflammation of the renal pelvis), interstitial nephritis (inflammation of the kidney), and renal abscesses 2 Lower Urinary Tract Infections mechanisms maintain the sterility of the bladder: the physical barrier of the urethra, urine flow, ureterovesical junction competence, various antibacterial enzymes and antibodies, and antiadherent effects mediated by the mucosal cells of the bladder. 3 Risk Factors for UTI Inability or failure to empty the bladder completely Obstructed urinary flow Decreased natural host defenses or immunosuppression Instrumentation of the urinary tract (eg, catheterization, cystoscopic procedures) Inflammation or abrasion of the urethral mucosa Contributing conditions: DM, Pregnancy, neurogenic disorders, Gout, and altered states caused by incomplete emptying of the bladder and urinary stasis 4 Pathophysiology Bacteria gain access to the bladder, attach to and colonize the epithelium of the urinary tract to avoid being washed out with voiding, evade host defense mechanisms, and initiate inflammation. Many UTIs result from fecal organisms that ascend from the perineum to the urethra and the bladder and then adhere to the mucosal surfaces. Escherichia coli is the most common agent 5 Urethrovesical reflux: With coughing and straining, bladder pressure rises, which may force urine from the bladder into the urethra. (A) When bladder pressure returns to normal, the urine flows back to the bladder (B), which introduces bacteria from the urethra to the bladder. Ureterovesical reflux: With failure of the ureterovesical valve, urine moves up the ureters during voiding (C) and flows into the bladder when voiding stops (D). This prevents complete emptying of the bladder. It also leads to urinary stasis and contamination of the ureters with bacteria-laden urine. 6 Routes of Infection transurethral route (ascending infection), through the bloodstream (hematogenous spread), or by means of a fistula from the intestine (direct extension) 7 Clinical Manifestations About half of all patients with bacteriuria have no symptoms. dysuria (painful or difficult urination), burning on urination, frequency (voiding more than every 3 hours), urgency, nocturia, incontinence, and suprapubic or pelvic pain. Hematuria and back pain may also be present 8 Gerontologic Considerations High incidence of chronic illness Frequent use of antimicrobial agents Presence of infected pressure ulcers Immunocompromise Cognitive impairment Immobility and incomplete emptying of bladder Use of a bedpan rather than a commode or toilet 9 Diagnosis UA: puss cells > 4, ? hematouria C&S. WBCs 10 Medical Management Pharmacological agents according to C&S Patient should be instructed to complete the antibiotic course 11 UTIs – Nursing Care Assessment Impaired Urinary Elimination Readiness for Enhanced Self Health Management Teaching 22/12/2010 12 Acute Pyelonephritis Clinical Manifestations Chills, fever, leukocytosis, bacteriuria and pyuria. Low back pain, flank pain, nausea and vomiting, headache, malaise, and painful urination are common findings. Pain and tenderness in the area of the costovertebral angle Symptoms of lower UTI 13 Medical managmenet On out patient basis: AB for 2 weeks Good oral hydration If there is a relapse, AB for 6 weeks If there is N&V > admission, IV Fluids and IV AB 14 Chronic Pyelonephritis Clinical Manifestations Usually asymptomatic unless an acute exacerbation occurs. Noticeable S&S may include fatigue, headache, poor appetite, polyuria, excessive thirst, and weight loss. Persistent and recurring infection may produce progressive scarring of the kidney resulting in renal failure 15 Urinary Incontinence Involuntary urination Causes of Transient Incontinence: DIAPPERS Delirium Infection of urinary tract Atrophic vaginitis, urethritis Pharmacologic agents (anticholinergics, sedatives, analgesics, diuretics, muscle relaxants, adrenergic Psychological factors (depression, regression) Excessive urine production (increased intake, diabetes insipidus, diabetic ketoacidosis) Restricted activity Stool impaction 22/12/2010 16 Types Urinary Incontinence Stress Urge Overflow Reflex Functional Iatrogenic incontinence mixed incontinence 22/12/2010 17 Urinary Incontinence - Treatment Medications Anticholinergic agents alpha-adrenergic Estrogen therapy Surgery Bladder neck suspension Prostatectomy 22/12/2010 18 Urinary Incontinence - Treatment Behavioral modification Kegal exercise Fluid management Timed voiding (? Every 2 hours) 19 Urinary Retention Occurs when bladder cannot empty May be caused by obstructive or functional problem Benign prostatic hypertrophy Surgery Drugs Neurologic diseases Trauma 22/12/2010 20 Urinary Retention Manifestations Manifestations Overflow voiding (dribbling, frequency) Incontinence S & S of UTI hematuria, urgency, frequency, nocturia, and dysuria Firm, distended bladder May be displaced 22/12/2010 21 Urinary Retention Complications Hydronephrosis Acute renal failure Urinary tract infection which may lead to urolithiasis or nephrolithiasis 22/12/2010 22 Suprapubic Catheters Is a temporary measure to divert the flow of urine from the urethra when the urethral route is impassable Inserting a catheter into the bladder through a suprapubic incision or puncture. 23 Hydronephrosis, Hydroureter, and Urethral Stricture Outflow obstruction Urethral stricture Causes bladder distention and progresses to the ureters and the kidneys Hydronephrosis – Kidney enlarges as urine collects in the pelvis and kidney tissue due to obstruction in the outflow tract Over a few hours this enlargement can damage the blood vessels and the tubules Hydroureter Effects are similar, but occurs lower in the ureter 24 Causes of Obstruction Tumor Stones Congenital structural defects Fibrosis Treatment with radiation in pelvis 25 Complication of Obstruction If untreated, permanent damage can occur within 48 hours Renal failure Retention of Nitrogenous wastes (urea, creatinine, uric acid) Electrolytes (K, Na, Cl, and Phosphorus) Acid base balance impaired 26 Renal Calculi Called nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis Most commonly develop in the renal pelvis but can be anywhere in the urinary tract 27 Renal Calculi Vary in size –from very large to tiny Can be 1 stone or many stones May stay in kidney or travel into the ureter Can damage the urinary tract May cause hydronephrosis More common in white males 30-50 years of age 28 Renal Calculi Predisposing factors Dehydration Prolonged immobilization Infection Obstruction Anything which causes the urine to be alkaline Metabolic factors Excessive intake of calcium, calcium based antacids or Vit D Hyperthyroidism Elevated uric acid 29 Renal Calculi Subjective symptoms Sever pain in the flank area, suprapubic area, pelvis or external genitalia May radiate anteriorly and downward toward the bladder in females and toward the testis in males. If in ureter, may have spasms called “renal colic” Urgency, frequency of urination N/V Chills 30 Renal Calculi Objective symptoms Increased temperature Pallor Hematuria Abdominal distention Pyuria Anuria May have UTI on urinalysis 31 Renal Calculi- Manifestations Kidney/Pelvis May be asymptomatic Dull, aching flank pain Ureter Acute severe flank pain, may radiate Nausea/vomiting Pallor Hematuria 32 Renal Calculi- Manifestations Bladder May be asymptomatic Dull suprapubic pain Hematuria 33 Renal Calculi Diagnostic procedures Urinalysis with C & S KUB IVP Renal CT Kidney ultrasound Cystoscopy with retrograde pyleogram 34 Renal Calculi Treatment Most (> 1 cm) are passed without intervention May need cystospy-- with basket retrieval 35 Lithotripsy : Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is the noninvasive treatment of urinary calculosis and biliary calculi to fragment the stone 36 Renal Calculi-Treatement Lasertripsy: stone and is destroyed by the laser Lithotomy: surgical removal of stone Pylelolithotomy – removal from renal pelvis Urolithotomy – removal from the ureter Nephrolithotomy – removal from kidney 37 Nutritional Therapy Calcium Stones ? Restrict Ca, protein, and Na. liberal amount of water. Uric Acid Stones low-purine diet to reduce urinary excretion of uric acid (shellfish, mushrooms, and organ meats), limit protein, Allopurinol. Avoid food contain oxylate: spinach, strawberries, chocolate, tea, peanuts, and wheat bran 38 Renal Calculi Assessment History and physical exam Location, severity, and nature of pain I/O Vital signs, looking for fever Palpation of flank area, and abdomen ? N/V 39 Renal Calculi Nursing interventions Primary is to treat pain – usually with opioids Ambulate Force fluids, may have IV Watch for fluid overload Strain urine – send stone to lab if passed Accurate I/O Medicate N/V 40 Renal Calculi Surgical removal Routine pre and post op care May return with catheter, drains, nephrostomy tube and ureteral stent – must maintain patency and may need to irrigate as ordered Measure drainage from all tubes – need at least 30 cc/hr Watch site for bleeding May need frequent dressing changes due to fluid leakage, or may have collection bag 41 Renal Calculi Discharge and prevention Continue to force fluids post discharge May need special diet Stones are analyzed for calcium or other minerals May need to watch products with calcium 42 Cancer of the Urinary Tract Bladder cancer Kidney tumors 22/12/2010 43 Bladder Cancer Bladder cancer is 4th leading cause of cancer deaths. More common in men than women Cancers arising from the prostate, colon, and rectum in males and from the lower gynecologic tract in females may metastasize to the bladder 22/12/2010 44 Risk factor for bladder cancer Cigarette smoking: risk increase with number of years and packs smoked Exposure to environmental carcinogens: dyes, rubber, leather, ink, or paint Recurrent or chronic bacterial infection of the urinary tract Bladder stones High urinary pH High cholesterol intake Pelvic radiation therapy 45 Bladder Cancer Manifestations Painless hematuria Frequency Urgency Dysuria 22/12/2010 46 Bladder Cancer Diagnostic tests Bladder ultrasound Urinalysis Urine cytology Cystoscopy Biopsy Treatment Medications Surgery: remove tumor or bladder, Urinary Diversions 22/12/2010 47 Cutaneous Urinary Diversions A. conventional ileal conduit, B. cutaneous ureterostomy C. vesicostomy D. nephrostomy 48 continent urinary diversions A. Indiana pouch B. & C the Kock pouch, also called a continent ileal diversion D. Ureterosigmoidostomy. 49 Kidney Tumors Uncommon Renal cell carcinoma most common primary tumor Can occur anywhere, Often metastasize Risk factors Smoking Obesity Renal calculi 22/12/2010 50 Kidney Tumors Manifestations May be silent Flank pain Palpable mass Fever, fatigue Weight loss, anemia, polycythemia Hypercalcemia, hypertension, or hyperglycemia 22/12/2010 51 Kidney Tumors – Interdisciplinary Care Diagnostic tests Renal ultrasound CT scan Kidney biopsy Treatment Radical nephrectomy 22/12/2010 52 Bladder and Kidney Cancer – Nursing Care Assessment Diagnosing, Planning, and Implementing Impaired Urinary Elimination Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity Disturbed Body Image 22/12/2010 53 Bladder and Kidney Tumors – Nursing Care Diagnosing, Planning, and Implementing Acute Pain Ineffective Breathing Pattern Disturbed Body Image 22/12/2010 54