Transcript Trade in Tasks Rainer Lanz, Sébastien Miroudot, Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås OECD TAD/TSD Working Party on International Trade in Goods and Trade in Services.

Trade in Tasks
Rainer Lanz, Sébastien Miroudot, Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås
OECD TAD/TSD
Working Party on International Trade in Goods and Trade in Services Statistics (8
November)
Overview
• Trade in tasks: another turn in the virtous cycle
of expanding markets and deepening division of
labour
• Measuring trade in task – a difficult task
• The driving forces: Taylorism vs. Toyotaism?
• Empirical analysis
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Trade in tasks – deepening division of labour
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How can trade in tasks be measured?
Alternative 1: outsourcing of
jobs
1. Map tasks by occupation
2. Identify the occupations
where tradable tasks are
the most important
3. Calculate the share in total
employment of these
occupations
Alternative 2: tasks embodied in
traded goods and services
1. Map tasks by occupation
2. Map employment by
occupation and sector
3. Yields task by sector
4. Map production by sector to
goods and services produced
5. Yields traded tasks – does
not distinguish embodied
and disembodied tasks.
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Alternative 2: the task content of output
Intensity of task h in sector s
TC11

TIths  
TCh1

TC1 j  t11
 
x 
TChj   tj1
t1s 


tjs 
Content of task h in total
output
TIt11
Tthy  
TIth1
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TIt1s  Yt1 
 x 
  
TIths  Yts 
5
Cluster analysis
Physical tasks
Tasks related to mechanical equipment
• Getting information
• Making decisions and
solving problems
• Updating and using
relevant knowledge
• Organizing and prioritizing
work
• Communicating with
supervisors
• Establishing and
maintaining interpersonal
relationships
Tasks related to machines
Working with the public
Selling and controlling
Working with others
Thinking creatively
Information processing tasks
Identifying and monitoring
Getting information and communicating
0
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1
L2 dissimilarity measure
1.5
6
.01
.02
.02
.03
.04
.04
.05
.06
.06
.07
.08
.08
Chef
111
112
121
122
123
211
212
213
214
221
222
223
224
225
226
311
312
313
314
321
322
324
325
326
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
421
422
423
424
425
426
431
432
433
0
111
112
121
122
123
211
212
213
214
221
222
223
224
225
226
311
312
313
314
321
322
324
325
326
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
421
422
423
424
425
426
431
432
433
0
Task content of occupations
Fast food cook
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Task content of output by cluster
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Partial correlations – output share of task clusters
and imports of goods and services
Working with
others
Information
processing
tasks
Getting
information and
communicating
Import
penetration
goods
0.013
0.003
-0.011
Import
penetration
services
-0.034
0.119***
0.083***
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Trade and the composition of tasks
• Only small changes in the task content of output
between 2000 and 2008
• Task contents of exports and output are similar
• Import penetration of services is complementary to
the tasks ‘Information processing’ and ‘getting
information and communicating’
• Limited impact of import penetration on the task
allocation within industries
–
Import penetration in capital-intensive industries shift
tasks directly related to production to more informationbased activities
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Some reflections
•
Fragmentation of production is not the same as
fragmentation of jobs
–
•
•
Functions that are outsourced or offshored become new
industries manned by multitask workers in a broad range of
occupations and skill levels
Insights from the transaction cost based theory of the
firm: The boundary of the firm is defined by balancing
transaction costs, coordination costs and incentives.
Taylorism versus toyotism?
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Caveats
• Variation in our data is due to changes in
employment by occupation.
–
Time series of task by occupation would ideally be
needed
• Task content by occupation is assumed to be the
same across countries – reasonable?
• More detailed analysis needed (services trade
by services category and source, firm-level data
by task)
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