Transcript Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) Mission A JPL / GSFC Partnership for an Earth Science Decadal Survey Mission September, 2008 NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC.

Soil Moisture Active
and Passive
(SMAP) Mission
A JPL / GSFC
Partnership for an
Earth Science
Decadal Survey
Mission
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Outline
• SMAP science – why do we care about soil moisture & FT
• NRC Decadal Survey impetus
• SMAP science objectives
• Mission & instrument concept
• SMAP science products & synergy
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Soil Moisture Controls Land / Atmosphere Interactions
Impact on Atmosphere
May 10 :
Clear w/ scattered cirrus & mild winds
May 18:
90 mm Rain
May 20:
Clear sky & mild winds
• Soil moisture is an important land surface
control on water and energy fluxes.
• A soil moisture mission will help answer:
-- do climate models correctly represent land
surface / atmosphere interactions?
-- what are the water resources and water
availability impacts of global climate change?
Water and Energy Cycle
(Cahill et al., 1999)
Dry Soil
5°C
Moist Soil
CASES’97, BAMS (81), 2000.
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Value of Soil Moisture Data to Weather and Climate
New space-based soil moisture observations and
data assimilation modeling can improve forecasts
of local storms and seasonal climate anomalies
NWP Rainfall Prediction
Seasonal Climate Predictability
Predictability of seasonal
climate is dependent on
boundary conditions such
as sea surface
temperature (SST) and
soil moisture – soil
moisture is particularly
important over continental
interiors.
Simulation driven just by SST
Difference in Summer
Rainfall: 1993 (flood)
minus 1988 (drought) years
Buffalo
Creek
Basin
Observations
Simulation driven by SST
and soil moisture
Observed Rainfall
0000Z to 0400Z 13/7/96
(Chen et al., 2001)
Without Realistic Soil Moisture
24-Hours Ahead
High-Resolution
Atmospheric
Model Forecasts
With Realistic Soil Moisture
(Schubert et al., 2002)
-5
0
+5
Rainfall Difference [mm/day]
September, 2008
High resolution soil moisture data
will improve numerical weather
prediction (NWP) over continents by
accurately initializing land surface
states
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Terrestrial Water, Energy and Carbon Cycle Processes
SMAP will provide important information on the
land surface processes that control landatmosphere carbon source/sink dynamics. It will
provide more than 8-fold increase in spatial
resolution over existing spaceborne sensors.
Carbon Cycle
Landscape Freeze/Thaw Dynamics Drive
Boreal Carbon Balance
[The Missing Carbon Sink Problem].
Are Northern Land Masses Sources or
Sinks for Atmospheric Carbon?
Mean growing season onset for 1988 – 2002 derived from
coarse resolution SSM/I data
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Flood and Drought Applications
Decadal
Survey:
“…delivery of flash-flood guidance to weather forecast offices are centrally dependent on the
availability of soil moisture estimates and observations.”
“SMAP will provide realistic and reliable soil moisture observations that will potentially open a
new era in drought monitoring and decision-support.”
Current NWS Operational Flash
Flood Guidance (FFG)
Current Operational Drought Indices by
NOAA and National Drought Mitigation
Center (NDMC)
Current: Empirical Soil Moisture Indices Based on Rainfall and Air Temperature ( By Counties or ~30 km )
SMAP Capability: Direct Soil Moisture Observations – global, 2-3 day revisit, 10 km resolution
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
NRC SMAP Expectations
Decadal Survey Panels
Cited SMAP Applications
Water Resources and Hydrological Cycle
1.
2.
3.
Floods and Drought Forecasts
Available Water Resources Assessment
Link Terrestrial Water, Energy and Carbon Cycles
Climate / Weather
1.
Longer-Term and More Reliable Atmospheric Forecasts
Human Health and Security
1.
2.
Heat Stress and Drought
Vector-Borne and Water-Borne Infectious Disease
Land-Use, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ecosystem Response (Variability and Change)
Agricultural and Ecosystem Productivity
Wild-Fires
Mineral Dust Production
“…the SMAP mission is ready for “fast-track” towards
launch as early as 2013, when there are few scheduled
Earth missions. The readiness of the SMAP mission also
enables gap-filling observations to meet key NPOESS
community needs (soil moisture is “Key Parameter,” see
4.1.6.1.6 in IORD-II Document).”
SMAP is one of four missions recommended by
the NRC Earth Science Decadal Survey for launch
in the 2010-2013 time frame
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
NASA SMAP Workshop (July 2007)
Key Workshop Conclusions
(Executive Summary):
• There is a stable set of instrument measurement
requirements for SMAP that are traceable to science
requirements for soil moisture and freeze/thaw.
• The baseline SMAP instrument design is capable of
satisfying the science measurement requirements.
• Significant heritage exits from design and risk-reduction
work performed during Hydrosphere State (Hydros)
mission formulation and other technology development
activities.
• Heritage and lessons learned can be leveraged from the
Aquarius project. This heritage includes both the L-Band
radiometer and radar electronics.
• There are no technology “show-stoppers”, and SMAP
formulation is positioned to begin where Hydros left off.
http://hydrology.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/SMAP/
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
SMAP Science Objectives
Global mapping of Soil Moisture and Freeze/Thaw state to:

Understand processes that link the terrestrial water, energy & carbon cycles

Estimate global water and energy fluxes at the land surface

Quantify net carbon flux in boreal landscapes

Enhance weather and climate forecast skill

Develop improved flood prediction and drought monitoring capability
Primary Controls on
Land Evaporation and
Biosphere Primary
Productivity
Freeze/
Thaw
Soil
Moisture
Radiation
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
SMAP Mission Concept
• Orbit:
• Mission Development Schedule
− Sun-synchronous, 6 am/pm orbit
Phase A start:
 SRR/MDR:
 PDR:
 CDR:
 SIR:
 Instrument Delivery
 LRD:

− 670 km altitude
• Instruments:
− L-band (1.26 GHz) radar
◦ High resolution, moderate accuracy soil
moisture
◦ Freeze/thaw state detection
◦ SAR mode: 3 km resolution
◦ Real-aperture mode: 30 x 6 km resolution
September 2008
February 2009
December 2009
December 2010
October 2011
April 2012
March 2013
• Mission operations duration: 3 years
− L-band (1.4 GHz) radiometer
◦ Moderate resolution, high accuracy soil
moisture
◦ 40 km resolution
− Shared instrument antenna
◦ 6-m diameter deployable mesh antenna
◦ Conical scan at 14.6 rpm
◦ incidence angle: 40 degrees
− Creates contiguous 1000 km swath
− Swath and orbit enable 2-3 day revisit
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Mission Implementation Approach
• Mission partners: JPL and GSFC

Potential non-NASA partnerships
• Leverage knowledge from Hydros
studies
• Science Team selected competitively by
NASA
• Radar provided by JPL
• Radiometer provided by GSFC
• Maximize Aquarius heritage
• Shared antenna and spin assembly
procured from industry
• Instrument data processing shared
between JPL and GSFC
• Spacecraft developed in-house at JPL
September, 2008
• Launch vehicle: Minotaur IV based on DoD
use of SMAP data
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
SMAP Instrument Concept
•
Orbit: 670 km, sun-synchronous, 6 pm LTAN
•
Instrument Architecture: Radiometer and radar
• Radiometer measurements:
share rotating 6 meter diameter reflector antenna
•
Antenna Beam: 14.6 rpm rotation rate, 40 deg
incidence angle
–
40 km real-aperture resolution
–
Made over 360 deg of scan
–
Form full contiguous swath of 1000 km
–
Collected continuously; AM/PM, over land
and over ocean
• “Low res” radar measurements:
–
30 x 6 km real-aperture “slices”
–
Made over forward and aft portions of scan
–
Form full contiguous swath of 1000 km
–
Collected continuously, AM/PM, over land
and over ocean
• “High res” radar measurements:
–
Used to generate 1 km gridded product, can
be further averaged up to 3 km and 10 km.
–
Made over forward 180 deg of scan only
(optional 360 deg collection possible)
–
1000 km swath with nadir gap of 200-300
km astride spacecraft ground track
–
Collection programmable; baseline to
collect over land during AM portion of orbit
only
Nadir gap in high res radar data: 200-300 km
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
SMAP Coverage Strategy
Radiometer,
Low-Res Radar
High-Res Radar
•
Three orbit sample shown in image above.
•
Low-res radiometer and low-res radar: Using
AM revs only, cover entire Earth in 3-days.
Average revisit time improves when AM + PM
passes are used (but Faraday rotation becomes
an issue).
•
High-res radar data collection is programmable
via ground command. Average revisit time is 3days over land when only AM revs are used.
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Rotating Reflector
• Key antenna requirements
•
– Dual-pol L-Band feed
– < 2.6 deg BW at 1.4 GHz, >90% beam
efficiency.
– 14.6 rpm rotation rate
– Deployable mesh material, high reflectivity at
L-Band
– Pointing: 0.3º stability, 0.1º knowledge
– Rotational Inertia < 150 kg-m^2, CG to 2.5 cm,
Inertia Cross Products < 1%, Stiffness > 1 Hz.
During Hydros risk reduction, two antenna vendors
were funded to study adaptations of heritage
reflector designs for rotation.
– “Radial Rib” design with fixed central boom and
rotating reflector.
– “Perimeter Truss” design with rotating reflector
and boom.
 SMAP antenna RFP will have a
requirement of no boom blockage
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Level 1 Baseline and Minimum Requirements
Baseline Mission
Minimum Mission
Soil Moisture
Measurement*
Provide estimates of soil moisture in the
top 5 cm of soil with an accuracy of 4%
volumetric at 10 km resolution and 3day average intervals
Provide estimates of soil moisture in the
top 5 cm of soil with an accuracy of 6%
volumetric at 10 km resolution and 3day average intervals
Freeze/Thaw
Measurement
Provide binary estimates of surface
transitions in region north of 45°N with
a classification accuracy of 80% at 3
km resolution and 2-day average
intervals
Provide binary estimates of surface
transitions in region north of 45°N with
a classification accuracy of 70% at 10
km resolution and 3-day average
intervals
Mission
Duration
At least 3 years
At least 1 year
* Excludes forests (regions with vegetation water content greater than ~5 kg/m2) and urban / mountainous areas
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Science L1 Requirements
DS Obje ctive
We athe r
Fore cast
Clim ate
Pre diction
Drought and
Agriculture
Monitoring
Flood Fore cast
Hum an He alth
Bore al Carbon
Source /Sink
Science Product
Re quire m ent
Application
In itialization of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP)
Hydrometeorology
Boundary and In itial Conditions for Seasonal Climate Prediction Models
Testing Land Surface Models in General Circulation Models
Seasonal Precipitation Prediction
Regional Drought Monitoring
Crop Outlook
River Forecast Model Initialization
Flash Flood Guidance (FFG)
NWP In itialization f or Precipitation Forecast
Seasonal Heat Stress Outlook
Near-Term Air Temperature and Heat Stress Forecast
Disease Vector Seasonal Outlook
Disease Vector Near-Term Forecast (NWP)
Hydroclimatology
Hydroclimatology
Hydrometeorology
Hydroclimatology
Hydrometeorology
Hydroclimatology
Hydrometeorology
Timing of seasonal Freeze/Thaw Transitions
Carbon Cycle
Baseline Mission
HydroMeteorology
HydroClimatology
Carbon
Cycle
Resolution
4-15 km
50-100 km
Refresh Rate
2-3 days
4-6%
Requirement
Accuracy
Minimum Mission
Soil
Moisture
Freeze/
Thaw
Soil
Moisture
Freeze/
Thaw
1-10 km
10 km
3 km
10 km
10 km
3-4 days
2-3 days(1)
3 days
2 days(1)
3 days
3 days(1)
4-6%
80-70%
4%
80%
6%
70%
Baseline Mission Duration Requirement is 3 Years (Decadal Survey)
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
(1)North
of 45°N latitude
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Baseline Science Data Products
Data Product
Description
L1B_S0_LoRes
Low Resolution Radar σo in Time Order
L1C_S0_HiRes
High Resolution Radar σo on Earth Grid
L1B_TB
Radiometer TB in Time Order
L1C_TB
Radiometer TB on Earth Grid
L2/3_F/T_HiRes
Freeze/Thaw State on Earth Grid
L2/3_SM_HiRes
Radar Soil Moisture on Earth Grid
L2/3_SM_40km
Radiometer Soil Moisture on Earth Grid
L2/3_SM_A/P
Radar/Radiometer Soil Moisture on Earth Grid
L4_F/T
Freeze/Thaw Model Assimilation on Earth Grid
L4_SM_profile
Soil Moisture Model Assimilation on Earth Grid
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Global Mapping L-Band
Radar and Radiometer
High-Resolution and
Frequent-Revisit
Science Data
Observations + Models =
Value-Added Science Data
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
SMAP Mission Uniqueness
Resolved Temporal Scales
Day
SMOS
SMAP Radar-Radiometer
Climate Applications
Week
Aquarius
Weather Applications
Evolution
of L-Band
Sensing
Carbon Cycle
Applications
Month
ALOS
SAR
100 km
10 km
1 km
Resolved Spatial Scales
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
SMAP Synergy With Other Missions/Applications
 SMAP provides continuity for
L-band measurements of
ALOS, SMOS, and Aquarius,
and synergy with GPM and
GCOM-W
Estimated Mission Timeline
1.2
SMAP
1
GPM
0.8
GCOM-W
0.6
Aquarius
0.4
SMOS
0.2
ALOS
0
 SMAP also benefits GPM by
providing surface emissivity
information for improved
precipitation retrievals
2006
2008
2010
2012
Potential reduction in
GPM-estimated latent
heat flux error by
assimilation of SMAP
soil moisture in land
surface model (LDAS)
2014
RMS Error in Latent Heat Flux [W m-2]
 SMAP soil moisture and coorbiting GPM precipitation
data will improve surface flux
estimates and flood forecasts
(Crow et al., 2006)
2016
2018
2020
SMAP 3-day
sampling
Frequency of Rainfall Observations [day-1]
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Examples of Combined L-Band Sensor Systems
Aircraft-Based
Tower-Based
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
SMAP Major Field Campaigns
•
Year/
Quarter
1
2
•
2009
Australia
SMOS
Australia
Germany
Spain
Aquarius
Germany,
Spain
SMAPVEX10
Australia
SMAPVEX10
2014
•
SMAP
•
•
Germany/Spain 2009-2010
• SMOS validation…launch delays possible
• Can we get a European group to add L-band
radar (DLR)?
SMAP SDT participation
•
2012
SMAPVEX08
• High priority design/algorithm issues
Australia 2009-2010
• 4 one-week campaigns to span four seasons
• J. Walker aircraft radiometer (PLMR) and new
radar (PLIS)
Separate SMOS validation
SMAP SDT participation
Australia
SMAPVEX11
2011
2013
4
SMAPVEX08
2008
2010
3
SMAPVEX13
SMAPVEX14
•
2015
•
SMAPVEX10: CLASIC
• Spring-Summer 2010
• Oklahoma
• SMOS and Aquarius available
• Focus of algorithm validation
SMAPVEX11
• Focus on different problems: F/T, regions,
seasons
Satellite Launch in Red
September, 2008
•
SMAPVEX13 and 14
• SMAP product validation
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Applications and User Engagement
• By providing direct measurements of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state, SMAP
will enable a variety of societal benefits:
Droughts
Floods/Landslides
Agriculture
Weather/Climate
Human Health
• Near-term SMAP applications outreach will be focused on:
1. Developing a community of end-users, stakeholders, and decision makers that
understand SMAP capabilities and are interested in using SMAP products in their
application (SMAP Community of Practice).
2. Developing an assessment of current application benefits / requirements and needs for
SMAP products (survey).
3. Identifying a handful of “early adopters” who will partner to optimize their use of
SMAP products, possibly even before launch as part of the extended OSSE activities
(“targeted partners”).
4. Providing information about SMAP to the broad user community
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
September, 2008
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3
Project Overview
SMAP is a first-tier mission recommended by 2007 NRC
Earth Science Decadal Survey
Primary Science Objectives
Global, high-resolution mapping of soil moisture and its
freeze/thaw state to:





Link terrestrial water, energy and carbon cycle processes
Estimate global water and energy fluxes at the land surface
Quantify net carbon flux in boreal landscapes
Extend weather and climate forecast skill
Develop improved flood and drought prediction capability
Mission Implementation:
http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/
September, 2008
Partners
• JPL (project & payload mgmt, science, spacecraft,
radar, mission operations, science processing)
• GSFC (science, radiometer, science processing)
Risk
• 7120.5D Category 2; 8705.4 Payload Risk Class C
Launch
• March 2013, Minotaur IV
Orbit
• Polar sun-synchronous; 670 km altitude
Life
• 3 years
Payload
• L-band SAR (JPL)
• L-band radiometer (GSFC)
• Shared 6 m rotating (14.6 rpm) antenna (industry)
NAFE Workshop, Melbourne, Australia
Peggy O’Neill, NASA / GSFC / 614.3