Transcript Open access publishing and institutional repositories: an overview Lucy A. Tedd Lecturer, Department of Information Studies, Aberystwyth University, Wales Editor: Program: Electronic library and information systems February 2009

Open access publishing and
institutional repositories: an
overview
Lucy A. Tedd
Lecturer, Department of Information Studies,
Aberystwyth University, Wales
Editor: Program: Electronic library and information
systems
February 2009
What is open access (OA)?
Many definitions – a report from the Joint Information
Systems Committee in the UK of 2006 stated:
“The World Wide Web has provided the means for
researchers to make their research results available to
anyone, anywhere, at any time. This applies to journal
articles regardless of whether or not their library has a
subscription to the journal in which the articles were
published as well as to other types of research output
such as conference papers, theses or research reports.
This is known as Open Access.”
(http://www.jisc.ac.uk/publications/publications/pub_open
access_v2.aspx)
The Open Access movement
1991 Subject-based repository of pre-prints
in physics (arXiv),now 500,000+ entries at
Cornell (http://arxiv.org)
1995 Stevan Harnad subversive proposal “in
an ideal world of scholarly communication,
all research should be freely available”
(http://www.arl.org/scomm/subversive/toc.html)
2001 Budapest Open Access Initiative
2003 Berlin declaration on open access to
knowledge in science and humanities
Budapest Open Access Initiative
An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make
possible an unprecedented public good. The old tradition is the
willingness of scientists and scholars to publish the fruits of their
research in scholarly journals without payment, for the sake of
inquiry and knowledge. The new technology is the internet. The
public good they make possible is the world-wide electronic
distribution of the peer-reviewed journal literature and completely
free and unrestricted access to it by all scientists, scholars,
teachers, students, and other curious minds. Removing access
barriers to this literature will accelerate research, enrich education,
share the learning of the rich with the poor and the poor with the
rich, make this literature as useful as it can be, and lay the
foundation for uniting humanity in a common intellectual
conversation and quest for knowledge.
http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml
Open Society Institute’s Information
Program
• the development of business models and plans for selfarchiving and open access publishing;
• the use of library networks to mobilise support for open
access;
• support for authors in low and middle income countries
to publish in open access journals;
• the development of software tools and templates for
open access publishing, self-archiving , indexing and
navigation;
• the promotion of the open access philosophy.
(http://www.soros.org/openaccess/commitment.shtml)
Gold and Green OA publishing
Gold OA - uses a funding model that does
not charge readers or their institutions for
access e.g. Ariadne, D-Lib Magazine and
First Monday
Green OA - authors publish papers in one of
the 25,000 or so refereed journals in all
disciplines and then self-archive these
papers in open access repositories.
Scholarly publishing and OA
One conclusion of Oppenheim’s 2008 review:
“Libraries will increasingly switch to OA sources,
leading to libraries gaining a more prominent
role in scholarly publishing with activity in both
the preservation and distribution of scholarly
research. Libraries will need to move from being
passive to active players in the scholarly
communication chain.”
Oppenheim, Charles, Electronic scholarly
publishing and open access. Journal of
Information Science, 2008, 34(4), p.577-590.
What is an institutional/digital
repository?
Clifford Lynch, Executive Director, Coalition for Networked Information,
stated
“In my view, a university-based institutional repository is a set of
services that a university offers to the members of
its community for the management and dissemination of digital
materials created by the institution and its community members. It is
most essentially an organizational commitment to the stewardship of
these digital materials, including long-term preservation where
appropriate, as well as organization and access or distribution.”
• ARL: A Bimonthly Report, no. 226 (February 2003)
– Institutional Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the
Digital Age
http://www.arl.org/resources/pubs/br/br226/br226ir.shtml
How does an IR differ from other
digital collections?
• Content is deposited in a repository – by content
creator, owner etc.
• Repository architecture manages the content
and the metadata
• Repository software offers a minimum set of
basic services – put, get, search
• Repository must be sustainable, trusted, wellsupported and well-managed
– Heery, R. and Anderson S. (2005) Digital Repositories
Review. UKOLN and AHDS. Available at:
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/digitalrepositories-review-2005.pdf
What might be in an IR?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pre-prints of papers
Post-prints of papers
Doctoral theses
Masters dissertations
Research reports
Book chapters
Conference papers
Teaching materials
Databanks of ‘raw’ data
Multimedia objects
• ++
Why are institutional repositories
popular now?
• Universities/institutions realising that they are
businesses and research income depends on ‘outputs’
• Mandates e.g. from research funding bodies, universities
• Open access movement and need to provide free
access to publicly funded research
• Technology maturing
– Open source software (DSpace, Eprints, Fedora)
– Commercial software (ExLibris Digitool, VTLS-Vital etc)
• ++
OpenDOAR – Directory of Open
Access Repositories
• The OpenDOAR service provides a qualityassured listing of open access repositories
around the world. OpenDOAR staff harvest and
assign metadata to allow categorisation and
analysis to assist the wider use and exploitation
of repositories. Each of the repositories has
been visited by OpenDOAR staff to ensure a
high degree of quality and consistency in the
information provided: OpenDOAR is maintained
by SHERPA consortium staff at the University of
Nottingham, UK
• http://www.opendoar.org/about.html
Institutional repository at
Aberystwyth - CADAIR
http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/
– DSpace software
– 1780 items (Feb. 2009)
– Journal articles / e-theses / presentations
– Recruitment of a repository manager in 2008
• Advocacy of concept with the university
• Mediated deposit
IR at National Institute of
Oceanography, India
•
•
•
•
http://drs.nio.org/drs/index.jsp
DRS- Digital Repository Service
2571 items (Feb. 2009)
Aims to “collect, preserve and disseminate
different institutional publications (journal
articles, conference proceeding articles,
Technical reports, thesis, dissertations,
etc)”.
ROAR- Registry of Open Access
Repositories
Aims to monitor overall growth in the number of eprint archives and to
maintain a list of GNU EPrints sites
http://roar.eprints.org
Available from Southampton University, UK
Data gathered automatically via OAI-PMH
ROAR also keeps track of the archiving policies of institutions.
31 universities/departments (including Southampton,
Glasgow and Stirling in the UK, Harvard and Stanford in the US, and
the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela in India and
Bharathidasan University) had adopted author mandates
34 research funding bodies (including all the UK Research Councils,
the European Research Council and the US National Institutes of
Health) that now operate similar mandates
Other ‘overviews’ of IRs
Repository66 – a mash-up by Stuart Lewis
of Aberystwyth based on OpenDOAR and
ROAR (http://maps.repository66.org/)
World ranking of institutional repositories
(http://repositories.webometrics.info/about_r
ank.html )
Support for the development of IRs
in the UK
JISC has provided much funding in this area.
2002-5 Focus on Access to Institutional Repositories Theses Alive! Electronic Theses, ROMEO (Rights
Metadata for Open Archiving) SHERPA (Securing a
Hybrid Environment for Research Preservation and
Access)
2005-7 Digital Repositories Programme - 20 specific
projects e.g.openDOAR, EThoS, Repository Bridge
2006-9 Repository and Preservation Programme supporting digital repositories and preservation, including
cross-searching facilities across repositories; funding for
institutions to develop a critical mass of content,
preservation solutions and advice for the development of
repositories” many separate projects
(http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/reppres.as
px)
Repository Support Project (RSP)
Consortium from SHERPA (Nottingham), ePints
Team (Southampton), Bath(UKOLN) and
Aberystwyth
2007-end March 2009
Funded by JISC - £1.4m
Aim “co-ordinate and deliver good practice and
practical advice to English and Welsh higher
education institutions to enable the
implementation, management and development
of digital institutional repositories”).
http://www.rsp.ac.uk
Welsh Repository Network (WRN)
• 2007-end March 2009
• Funded by JISC
• Run from Aberystwyth University on behalf of
Welsh Higher Education Libraries Forum
• aims to put in place “an essential building block
for the development of an integrated network of
institutional digital repositories in one region of
the UK – the country of Wales”
• 12 institutions – most use DSpace, one ePrints
and one Digital Commons.
Academic staff and IRs : some
personal experiences
2004 – I attended a presentation at the
National Library of Wales on some JISC
FAIR projects
2006 – early supporter of CADAIR when it
was being piloted as part of JISC-funded
Repository Bridge project
2007-date – attempts to encourage
academic colleagues to deposit materials
in CADAIR – not always easy!
Advantages for academics in using
IRs (from RSP)
• Increased visibility of research output and consequently
the department and the institution
• Potentially increased impact of the research
• Help in managing and storing digital content connected
with the research, including the underlying research
data
• Help in managing the likely requirements of funding
bodies for publications to be made available in a
repository.
• Provides the possibility to standardise institutional
records
• Allows the creation of personalised publications lists
• Offers usage metrics to determine hit rates on specific
papers.
CADAIR repository manager
Some of the challenges
• Cultural – move from paper to webpage
• Institutional – raising awareness at high level.
Implementation of mandate for deposit of research
theses and taught masters theses gaining a distinction
• Departmental – assistance in depositing metadata for
Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) materials. Talks
to encourage staff to deposit
• Individual – assistance in gaining permissions etc.
Final word from Oppenheim
“ We can expect funders to continue to move
towards requiring OA outputs from the recipients
of their funding, and institutions to move steadily
towards mandating OA. It will be an interesting
time.”
Oppenheim, Charles, Electronic scholarly
publishing and open access. Journal of
Information Science, 2008, 34(4), p.577-590
Thank you!