Transcript        Reading skills include Vocabulary skills Visual perceptual skills Prediction techniques Scanning Skimming Intensive reading skills Very important to develop reading skills It involves 1.

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Reading skills include
Vocabulary skills
Visual perceptual skills
Prediction techniques
Scanning
Skimming
Intensive reading skills
Very important to develop reading skills
It involves
1. Word meaning recognition
2. Guessing the meaning of unknown words from
word structure and context
A. first step to understand the written message
 Perceive the words & phrases used
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develop sight recognition skill
Recognize their definitions
recall their meanings
 Do not stop reading
 Do not immediately consult the dictionary
 Guess the meaning
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While reading journals/ sport manuals some
words may be difficult to comprehend
a. Analysis of word structure
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understand from the use of prefix/suffix/root word
Eg. Interurban
Inter+ urban
b. Analysis of context clues
Eg.
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Illustrations
Linguistic clues
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a/an/ill/dis- not
Im/un
Anti -against
Bi - two, twice
De - away
Ex-former
Hetro –different
Homo-similar
Inter-between
Intra -within
Mis- wrong
Micro-small
Mono-one
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Multi-many
Over-more
Post-after
Pseudo-false
Pro-in support of
Re- repeat
Semi-half
Sub-under
Super-above
Trans-across
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Able,ible- able to, can be done
Ance, ence, tion-state of being
Ant,ent- person
Al, ly- similar to (legal, mental)
Cy, cracy-condition (diplomacy)
Er, or- person, degree ( writer, doctor, hotter)
Ess- feminine (waitress, tigress)
Ify- make,do
Ful-full of
Less-not
Ship-being
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Look for contextual signal words
illustrations
 Linguistic clues
Eg:
He is down-to-earth and you will find his approach to
life very practical (helps in inferring the meaning)
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Egs.
Although she is loquacious, she remains silent before
her father
She is discourteous, and you will never find him polite
to other people.
He is very………, while his wife is scruffy.
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For effective eye reading one needs
Accurate visual perception of words &phrase
Fixations
Complete elimination of vocalization
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do not read aloud as it reduces our speed
Fix your eye on a particular word etc.
Read word groups/thought unit
Do not read word by word
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Avoid vocalization or sub vocalization
Improve visual perception of words etc.
Rapidly recognize the meaning
Concentrate while reading
Rapid reading skill
 read fast
 To guess the information
 To think ahead
-hypothesis
Predicting the contents
 Headings
 Sub headings
 One’s back ground knowledge of
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subject
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graph
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diagram
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charts
Involves micro skills
 Use of index
 guess the information
 Scan graphic / non-verbal clues
 Predict the nature &scope
 Use discourse linguistic clues
Involves pre-reading survey of the text
a.
b.
c.
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Glancing rapidly
Guessing information
Recalling related information
Analysing the aids given
These make reading faster
The technique you use when you're looking up a
name in the phone book: you move your eye
quickly over the page to find particular words or
phrases that are relevant to the task you're doing.
It's useful to scan parts of texts to see if they're
going to be useful to you:
 the introduction or preface of a book
 the first or last paragraphs of chapters
 the concluding chapter of a book.
 Specific point of fact
 Relevant graphic details
 Formulae in text
 A word in dictionary
 Train/ television schedules
 References/bibliographical listings
 Examination results
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Know what you want to find
Do not read everything (focused, concentrate
on information needed)
Use guides and aids
Know the organisation structure of the material
(Ads, news paper listings, analyse how
information is structured)
Concentrate while scanning (improves visual
perception an to identify the information)
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The technique you use when you're going
through a newspaper or magazine: you read
quickly to get the main points, and skip over
the detail..
It's useful to skim:
 To understand the central idea/main points
 To discover the purpose of the text
 To identify different writing patterns used to
develop ideas in text
 to preview a passage before you read it in
detail
 to refresh your understand of a passage after
you've read it in detail.
 Use skimming when you're trying to decide if a
book in the library or bookshop is right for you
What is the over all purpose of the text?
 What is the central idea?
 What is the logical orgnisation?
[ general to specific; specific to general;
chronological; more important to less
important or vice versa and so on]
 What does the author intend to say
 (describe, instruct, report, narrate, explain,
argue, persuade, illustrate and so on…)
 What are the main points?
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Identify
 What is the subject?
 What does the author want to say about the
subject?
 What is the author’s point of view?
Care fully read
 the title/main heading/subheadings/opening paragraph/last paragraph
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Once central idea is identified process to
recognize main ideas to expand the central idea
Identify
the topic sentence
the discourse coherence
Text organizations
Meaning function of sentence patterns
accurately
Semantic/discourse markers and their function
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Each paragraph deal with one main idea and
that is the topic sentence (beginning
paragraph)
Topic sentence summarizes the paragraph
it may be
Generalized statement
Description, problem,
The other sentences develop, support, exemplify the
central idea
While skimming discover the specific writing
patterns:
 Definitions
 Description
 Sequence of events
 Generalisation
 Classification
 Illustration of examples
 Causes and effect
 Comparison &contrast
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Intensive Reading:
Intensive reading is detailed reading that demands better
concentration and motivation. Intensive reading skill
include distinguish between facts and opinions, and
drawing inferences and conclusions.
a)
Detailed Reading: Intensive reading requires text
analysis for critical and evaluative understanding of a text.
b)
Critical Reading: Distinguishing between facts and
opinions with critical and analyse the information in a text.
c)
Inferential Reading: It is the process of knowing the
unknown from the known. Inference can be defined as a
statement that is based on some situations, observations,
facts, or specific details.
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A. understanding major & minor details
B. distinguishing between factual &non-factual
information
Understanding the characteristics of a writer’s use
of language
Interpreting graphic information
Evaluating writer’s attitude/intention
Responding to more plain sense of words
distinguishing between explicit &implicit
information
Drawing inferences &conclusions
To be effective one must be critical and have
analytical skill –understanding the text and as
well respond
 What is Fact?
 Fact is truth that can be objectively verified by
observation and experimentation
What is opinion?
Opinion is subjective and it can not be objectively
verified
One must be discern the truth
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FACTS
1.
India is an agricultural
country
Several Multinational
companies have been
opened up in India
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OPINIONS
India is a great
country
The coming of
multinational
companies have
boosted the economy
of India
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An inference can be defined as a statement that is
based on some situations, observations, facts or specific
details. Drawing inference is the knowing the
unknown from the known. All the theories and laws of
science have gone through the process of induction,
which is an important method of drawing inferences.
Induction is reasoning process of drawing general
statement from specific observations. Inferences and
conclusions can be drawn from the following;
Facts
Specific details
Examples and illustrations
Factual observations
Contextual clues
We may find that it is easier to pull down than to
do certain amount of work by exerting small
forces through large distances, rather than
large forces through small distances. We can,
therefore, perform certain tasks more easily in
some ways than in others.