Competition Policy and Consumer Rights: Bangladesh Scenario M. Abu Eusuf Assistant Professor, Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka Unnayan Shamannay, 16 April 2006

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Competition Policy

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Intervention by public authorities

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for ensuring competition in the markets.

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for ensuring delivery of better quality goods at better prices

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Concerned with actual competition

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Objectives of Competition Policy

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to promote competition by preventing agreements between firms that lead to anti-competitive behavior either through explicit cartels or through tacit collusion.

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to protect the consumers’ interest by ensuring that they have greater choice in terms of price, quality and service

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Objectives of Competition Policy…

 to maintain a competitive environment so that an efficient allocation of resources can take place, which promotes economic growth.

 to allure foreign direct investment  to remove obstacles to market entry for foreign investors  to protect abuse of dominant position by multi national companies in the developing countries market 4

Objectives of Competition Policy…

 to regulate monopoly of firms  to motivate competing players to increase their efficiency with a view to retain their superiority in the market.

 to weed out inefficient operations  to enhance consumer welfare 5

Competition Policy –Global Context?

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Out of 149 members of WTO, 80 have competition policy

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Having competition policy for all countries, still a matter of negotiations at the international level.

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Competition Policy in Bangladesh

 Bangladesh has no competition policy.

 Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice (Control and Prevention) Ordinance, 1970  Has not been implemented but still valid  Initiatives were taken to develop a competition policy after discussions at the 1996 Ministerial Conference in Singapore but abandoned after Doha Meet.

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Competition Policy in Bangladesh

At Doha in 2001, there were disagreements among WTO members to adopt competition policy for developing countries.  Consequently, Bangladesh has been giving least attention for its competition policy.  Bangladesh considers it to be a dead issue.

 That does not mean demand for a well-developed competition policy has become irrelevant.

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Bangladesh Competition Policy! …

    Consumers do want a competitive regime for their benefits.

Consumers’ right protection law – 2004 was approved in the cabinet. This was supposed to go to the parliament for final legislation but never went.

This act has, of course, emphasized It has focused goods and services.

consumers’ right to have goods and services at competitive price consumers’ right to have information regarding quality, quantity, standard and value of the 9

Most Prevalent Anti-Competitive Practices in Bangladesh (BEI Findings) 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% C ol le ct iv e pr ic e fi xi ng M on op ol D y is B cr id ri im gg in R at in es or g al y e de pr al ic in e gs m ai nt en Ex an cl ce us iv e de al in g En tr y ba rr ie rs Ti ed s el M lin ar g ke t s ha Pr ri ed ng at or y pr ic R in ef g us al to d ea l 10

Anti-competitive Practices in Bangladesh

   Natural monopolies (e.g. distribution of power and gas, railways, telephone and other public utility services) Lack of legal provision (no legal entity to oversee the trading practices of business firms) Mergers (e.g. Standard Chartered Grindlays Bank, visa fees of some foreign embassies need to deposit particularly in this bank)  Lack of effective consumers’ association (consumers are not organized and cannot play any role in promoting their own interest) 11

Anti-competitive Practices in Bangladesh …

 Price fixing collaboration (raising among prices importers, through local manufacturers, suppliers etc.)   Presence among of importers, state-owned industries (e.g. Textile, sugar, nationalized commercial banks etc.) Manipulation of supply (through collaboration local inefficient manufacturers, suppliers etc) 12

Anti competitive Practices in Bangladesh…

 Exclusive dealing and tying arrangements (e.g.

diagnostic services, educational inputs from particular outlets)   Weak regulatory framework (judicial system cannot guarantee property rights e.g. ETV) Bid rigging (pre-arranged and threat driven)  Price discrimination (Dumping and charging different prices for identical products)   Bribery and gifts (e.g. bribing tax officials to avoid taxes) Extortion (e.g. sellers extorted by a purchasing agent) 13

Lack of Legal Provision T

here is no effective legal provision regulatory powers are excessive designed to protect the interest of the consumers in Bangladesh. Besides, there is no legal entity to oversee the trading practices of business firms. These tasks are complicated. On the one hand, it needs to be ensured that consumers are not cheated, and on the other hand special care should be taken so that private firms and business do not feel

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verseeing trading practices also requires knowledge about market structure, product quality, and above all technical expertise

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ome businesses may consider gaining misleading claims about their unfair competitive edge by products’ value, quality, and place of origin and ingredients in order to promote sells 14

Lack of Effective Consumers’ Association

Civil society groups acting on behalf of the consumers are almost non-existent in Bangladesh. The existing Consumers Association of Bangladesh (CAB), has not been particularly very effective in raising the concerns of the consumers As a result, policy makers most often see strong lobbying in favour of demands for protection, they hardly encounter with popular public demands for not grating those protective measures 15

Natural Monopolies

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n Bangladesh sectors such as railways, telephone , public utility services have generated such and other anti-competitive structures that not only inhibits modernisation of these services but also hinder private investment into these sectors In recent times private sector has entered into the business of cellular phone , but competition has been restricted to a few firms only. This allows the state owned BTTB (or Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board) to continue inefficiently

Though

a regulatory commission has been set up for the telephone sector. However, it is still in infancy and yet to acquire any teeth 16

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Regulatory Framework

Overall policy framework of the country acts as hindrance to the promotion of an efficient and competitive market mechanism in Bangladesh The regulatory framework in the country is yet to be developed (only telephone sector though inefficient) Absence of autonomous and independent effective and efficient judicial system hampers to ensure a favourable business climate for competition.

Currently the country’s legal system is burdened with more than half a million cases. Such a slow and inefficient judicial system increases the costs of litigation There are other sectors (e.g., telecommunication, power generation and air transport) which are gradually being opened up and some participation of the private sector is taking place. However, it has been alleged that these are being done in a non-transparent transaction costs and widespread rent-seeking opportunities.

and unpredictable policy environment resulting in increased business

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Anti-competitive Behavior in the Banking Sector

Nationalised commercial banks (NCBs) are burdened with bad loans and loan defaults. Largely because of these bad loans the spread between lending and deposit rate is very high in Bangladesh.

When private Banks were allowed to operate it was hoped that they would charge lower interest rates on lending as they did not have to start with bad loans. It was found that p become much bigger than the private banks and also more inefficient.

rivate banks’ price loans follow those of the NCBs, who act as the price leaders.

Such anticompetitive behaviour was responsible for allowing the NCBs to Access to government’s development fund has been restricted for the private banks. Moreover, NCBs also operate in such activities where private banking is private sector absent (such as agriculture and rural development projects). This also reduces the competition between the public and 18

Anticompetitive Business Conduct in Bangladesh

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In Bangladesh, local manufacturing companies often appoint one sole distributor, in a region of the country, allowing it to dictate or manipulate prices in that region. Often, foreign manufacturing companies even go so far as appointing one sole distributor or agent for the entire country.

This sole distributor or agent establishes a monopoly for that product and charges prices according to their whims. They never display company price lists, and may even refuse to show it if a customer asks to see it. As an example, H.S. Enterprise has been the sole distributor distributor in – in Bangladesh – of Honda Motor Company Limited, Japan, for 20 years, and the firm declares its status as a sole public.

These types of practices are surely anticompetitive.

City Cell is a company involved in the mobile telecommunication business. When a consumer takes a mobile phone connection from City Cell, they have to pay for the particular mobile set supplied by the company. In this case, the consumer is deprived of having the option of another mobile set. This is surely a tying arrangement. So, this practice may also be considered as anticompetitive.

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Towards Efficient Regime

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etting up of an effective regime in this regard will remain a challenging task for Bangladesh, which would require amongst others:

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egal and regulatory reforms

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mplementation of rule of law

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evelopment of consumers’ interest civil society group protecting the 20

Bangladesh Competition Policy!...

Competition Policy is not panacea for competitiveness. This depends to a significant extent on factors such as human capital, institutional infrastructure, ethical business codes and commitment to good governance. The civil society too has a role to play in raising consciousness regarding vices of anti-competitive practices.

Education, media and social organizations have a role in mobilizing a society for appropriate competitive regime.

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Caution !

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here is also a danger of excessive competition , which may have adverse socio-economic implication. There is, therefore, a need for open public debate on these issues and continuous monitoring of the impact of competition on the weaker sections of the economy (particularly on SMEs). Simultaneously, there is need for realistic assessment of the extent to which MNCs are following the disciplines of competition law

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ndeed , government significantly improve should undertake corporate (both measures local to and multinational) governance, increase corporate transparency, prevent fraud and ensure corporate social responsibility 22

Thank You

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