Posing Questions to SHAKEN for Project HALO Knowledge Systems Group University of Texas at Austin October 8, 2002
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Posing Questions to SHAKEN for Project HALO Knowledge Systems Group University of Texas at Austin October 8, 2002 Goals • To represent the 50 sample questions given us by Vulcan • To fit within the current SHAKEN framework as much as possible • To make it easy to pose questions, and to make the content of the questions obvious to users and examiners • To have the form of the questions feed into a problem solving architecture; more on this in a couple of days Limitations and Disclaimers • We’ve yet to learn much chemistry, so some of these representations might be stupid • To represent the questions, we’ve pretended that a bunch of new concepts and relations are in the component library. How these concepts and relations are ultimately represented in the Library shouldn’t impact the basic approach presented here SHAKEN Extensions Required • Questions are posed as Cmaps. However, unlike current Cmaps: 1. 2. • • nodes may contain variables. The problem-solver’s job is to find a binding for variables that is consistent with the other assertions in the Cmap. Groups of triples may be marked as “T/F”. The problem-solver’s job is to determine whether those triples are mutually consistent, and consistent with the other triples in the Cmap. Because the questions are multiple-choice, most of them can be translated into true-false questions, then encoded with option (2) above. One advantage of this approach is that we can encode constraints into background knowledge that serve to eliminate multiple-choice options that are impossible. We need to be able to input chemical formulae, chemical reactions, and quantities in scientific notation. These enhancements to SHAKEN could begin right away. Questions 1a Not superclasses Buffer solution Chemical-solution ph solute NaCl T/F concentration solute HCl concentration Ph-Value less than 7 1M 1M Questions 1e Chemical-solution ph solute NaCl T/F concentration solute HCl concentration Ph-Value equal 7 1M 1M Question 2 & 3 are similar Options b – d are similar Question 4a calcium Chemical reaction reactant hydrogen product Chemical compound formula CaH2 T/F We’ll need some representation for chemical formulae that supports reasoning, e.g. to check whether the equation is balanced. We’re going to ignore this issue for now. Question 4b calcium Chemical reaction reactant product T/F Ionic compound hydrogen Question 4c calcium Chemical reaction reactant hydrogen product Chemical compound T/F state <solid, *room-temperature> Note: the relation “state” is 3-ary Question 4d calcium Chemical reaction reactant hydrogen product Chemical compound Chemical reaction reactant product water H2 gas T/F Question 4e calcium Chemical reaction reactant hydrogen product Chemical compound Chemical reaction reactant product water Acidic solution T/F Question 5 Note: I’m going to use the has-part relation in these examples; I suspect we’ll extend the Clib with a more specific slot. Chemical Compound Has part Ag+ reactant Chemical reaction Dilute Hydrochloric acid product White precipitate Ionic equation ? Note: I’ve taken many liberties here, representing as a single node concepts that will probably be small groups of nodes. Examples: “dilute hydrochloric acid” and “white precipitate”. However, I don’t think that impacts the basic structure of the representation of this question. Question 6 Hydrolysis reactant CO32 equilibrium expression ? Note: again, taking liberties here; “equilibrium expression” will probably expand into a small cluster of nodes and relations when it’s coded in Clib. Question 7a Chemical reaction formula H2PO4 + HBO32 reactant H2PO4 ph phValue HPO42 + H2BO3 product HBO32 HPO42 ph ph phValue phValue Greater-than Greater-than H2BO3 ph T/F phValue Note: simply alter the inequalities for questions 7b-e Question 8a T/F formula CaCO3 Chemical compound water insoluble in Excess Ammonia Solution soluble in color white state <solid, *room-temperature> Dilute HCI Note: I can’t get by with a single slot “soluble in”, then use negation to get “insoluble in”. For this example, it would require marking “water” as the filler of a negated triple while “Dilute HCI” is left unmarked. I don’t think I can get this level of control using our current interface for marking triples as negated. 8b-e are minor variants of this one Question 9 Chemical compound superclass Monoprotic acid superclass ph HA quantity .2 moles ph 3.0 Ionization constant ? <*Weak, acid> Question 10, Part I Chemical Reaction Chemical compound subclass Equilibrium Reaction isa Acid isa Base reactant Chemical compound instance _Acid-Base Equilibrium Reaction01 Formula HSO4 + H2O H3O+ + SO42 reactant Chemical compound Has-part HSO4 isa Parts II and III are similar Base T/F Question 11 Chemical Reaction formula H2C2O4 + 2H2O 2 H3O+ + C2O42 Equilibrium constant reactant ? H2C2O4 k1 5.36 x 10-2 superclass k2 5.3 x 10-5 Diprotic acid Note: this is part of background knowledge, not explicitly part of this Cmap. The k1 and k2 values might be background knowledge, too. This one is a bit dense, and we’re not completely confident about it. You might want to skip it for now. In any case, note that the encoding of answer (a) is on the next slide. Operationally, it would merge on to this Cmap, to be included with the question itself. Question 12 Sc Chemical-Reaction Gas inst-of R2 color reactant product Nitric Acid *brown inst-of Liquid R1 object color concentration *high Heat causes Change-Color destination <*colorless> object origin <*brown-yellow> Question 12 a). T/F Nitric Acid strength <*strong, Acid> Question 13a Chemical reaction Chemical compound reactant NH3 product T/F Ca(OH)2 Nitric Acid reactant Chemical reaction product White precipitate concentration *dilute Note: I’m not sure how to represent this notion Similarly for b-e Question 14a Chemical compound superclass NaNO3 quantity 1 Mole ph ? Similarly for b-e Note: this is part of background knowledge, not an explicit part of this Cmap. I’m going to omit showing these triples from now on. Question 15 HCN ka ph quantity 1x 10-2 4.0 x 10-10 moles ? Question 16b (note: not part a) Chemical reaction product ph Weak base T/F ph reactant Ca(OH)2 Chemical compound H2O base Insoluble in water I’m not sure about this…I’ve folded the conclusion of 16a (that the Chemical compound is basic) in with the explanation of the conclusion (that Ca(OH)2 is a weak base and is insoluble in water). Will that work? Questions 17-20, part a Chemical compound ph Has-part NH3 quantity 1 mole ? Note: this is the encoding of question 17 applied to the compounds in part a. This question needs to be repeated for parts b-e. NH4Cl quantity 1 mole Then, questions 18-20, which are similar, need to be applied to each part. I’m not sure how to combine the results to evaluate expressions like “the solution with the lowest ph”, or whether we even need to. Question 21 formula ? Chemical reaction reactant C10H12O4S state product reactant O2 product product CO2 SO2 H2O state state state state <gas, …> <solid, *room-temperature> <gas, …> <gas, …> <gas, …> Question 22a T/F superclasses Molecule Lewis acid recipient object Obtain(?) base Proton Water Obtain is not quite right because it is a transfer of possession Question 23 product Chemical reaction ? reactant Cu reactant causes H2SO4 object object intensity Heat *strong Question 24a T/F superclasses Lewis acid Na+ ph Cl- CH3COOph PH-Value PH-Value ph PH-Value less than less than less than Mg2+ Al3+ ph PH-Value less than ph PH-Value less than Question 25a solute Solution amount H2SO4 dissociates-into amount greater than H3O+ solvent Amount-Value dissociates-into H2O greater than HSO4 - amount dissociates-into concentration Amount-Value Amount-Value greater than SO42- amount Amount-Value <0.1 molar> It’s a pain to represent “the greatest”, etc Question 26 a).-e). Na+ Chemical-Reaction product reactant concentration Na2CO3 ? NaHO3 concentration quantity 3.0 M concentration 70 ml quantity 1.0 M 30 ml Question 27 a).-e). Acid-Dissociation quantity ? solute HA K concentration temperature 25°C 0.5 M <8*10-4 , 25°C> Acid-Dissociation is a chemical solution, which is an Entity Question 28 a). Mix T/F product base 2 H2O object H2O H3O+ OH- For b).-e). replace object and product Question 29 a).-e). Chemical-Reaction H2O reactant formula Fe(OH)2+ O2 Fe(OH)2 O2 quantity 1 mole product Fe(OH)3 H2O +Fe(OH)3 quantity ? Question 30 a). Oxidize product reactant H3PO4 inst-of inst-of Acid ph _Acid1 ph less-than S1 For b).-e). replace reactant and product S2 T/F Question 31a NH4Cl NaNO3 ph Na2CO3 concentration ph 1 *molar concentration 1 *molar PH-Value Each property value in the domain of chemistry may have a mapping to the back end module that calculates it. ph PH-Value 1 *molar PH-Value greater-than PH-Value concentration T/F ph NaHSO4 concentration 1 *molar Na2SO4 ph concentration PH-Value 1 *molar 31b to 31e are variants of this. Question 32a HNO3 CuSO4 KOH concentration conductivity conductivity concentration concentration conductivity 0.1 *molar Conductivity -Value 0.1 *molar Conductivity -Value less-than Conductivity -Value T/F conductivity Conductivity 0.1 *molar -Value HF conductivity concentration Conductivity 0.1 *molar -Value BaCl2 concentration 0.1 *molar 32b to 32e are also variants of this. Question 33a T/F subclass Bronsted -Acid HCO3- subclass Bronsted -Base This should be changed appropriately for parts b-e. Question 34 causes Make-Contact object Acid ? base inhibits object Skin Damage Question 35 Chemical-reaction product reactant Precipitate reactant color ? Chemical-Solution Chemical-Solution solute solute concentration 0.5 *molar Nal concentration 0.5 *molar I’m not sure whether Nal is a typo for NaCl. *yellow Question 36a Chemical reaction Equilibrium constant formula HC2H3O2(aq) + CN(aq) HCN(aq) + C2H3O2 reactant product 3.7x104 HC2H3O2(aq) b-e are similar, although d is tougher CN(aq) HCN(aq) C2H3O2 ph ph Ph-value Ph-value > T/F Question 37a Mg(OH)2 (s) Insoluble in water T/F soluble in Dilute Hydrochloric acid b-e are similar Question 38 Interesting… this one requires representing changes caused by a chemical reaction. Not sure how best to do this, but it will probably use add-list, del-list triples. Question 39 10 HI + 2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 5 I2 + 2 MnSO4 + 8 H2O formula Chemical reaction reactant reactant H2SO4 quantity 3 moles reactant product KMnO4 quantity 4 moles I2 quantity 2.5 moles HI quantity ? Question 40a T/F superclasses Solution solvent Water Electrolyte solute CH3OH