Transcript The Cold War Germany & Japan Transformed • Both Germany and Japan had been physically and socially devastated by World War II. •

The Cold War
Germany & Japan Transformed
• Both Germany and Japan had been physically and
socially devastated by World War II.
• The victorious Allied powers occupied the two
countries, establishing democratic governments.
• Germany was deeply shaken by the experience of
the Holocaust.
• Today, Germany’s relationship with the nation of
Israel is very friendly-both share strong
diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties.
• There has also been an attempt to compensate
financially some of the victims of the Holocaust.
The Beginning of the Cold
War: Germany 1948-1949
The Cold War
• At the end of
WWII, Germany was
divided into four
zones of occupation
controlled by
England, France, the
Soviet Union, and
the United States.
• Berlin, the German
capital, was located
in the Russian sector
and also divided into
four sectors, each
occupied by one of
the four Allies.
•
• Disagreements during
this period of
occupation marked the
beginning of the Cold
War.
• The Cold War was a
period of tension
between the United
States and the Soviet
Union.
• This tension would
ultimately last from
the end of World War
II to 1990.
• This tension between the Soviet Union and the
United States was a result of differences in
political and economic thinking.
• In particular, the democratic, capitalist United
States and the communist Soviet Union.
• It was a “cold” war because armed battle
between the superpowers did not occur.
• The western powers feared the spread of
communism.
• Stalin had forced pro-communist governments in
Poland, Czechoslovakia, and elsewhere.
• When Stalin began to put pressure on Greece
and Turkey, the United States took action.
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain”
Speech
The Cold War
• In his 1946 speech at
Westminster College in
Fulton, Missouri, Prime
Minister Winston
Churchill of Great
Britain cautioned the
world about the threat
of communist expansion.
• Churchill’s phrase “Iron
Curtain” was in
reference to the
recognizable division
between the free
Western Europe and the
communist Eastern
Europe.
The Truman Doctrine
The Cold War
• In March of 1947, United States President
Harry S. Truman established a policy known as
the Truman Doctrine.
• This was an economic and military program
designed to strengthen democratic governments
and lesson the appeal of communism.
• It was based on the
theory of containment,
which involved limiting
communism to areas
already under Soviet
control.
• The United States
pledged to resist
Soviet expansion
anywhere in the world.
• Truman sent military
and economic aid to
Greece and Turkey so
that they could resist
the threat of
communism.
The Marshall Plan
The Cold War
• The Marshall Plan,
also proposed in 1947,
was a massive
economic aid package
designed to
strengthen democratic
governments and
lesson the appeal of
communism.
• Billions of American
dollars helped
Western European
countries recover from
World War II.
• Although the United States also offered this aid
to Eastern Europe, Stalin forbade these
countries to accept it.
The Berlin Airlift
The Cold War
• The division of Germany into four zones after
World War II was supposed to be temporary.
• Soon Britain, France, and the United States had
combined their democratically ruled zones.
• Tension grew between democratic western
Germany and Soviet-controlled eastern Germany.
• Germany became a major focus of Cold War
tension.
• The Allies were trying to rebuild the German
economy, but Stalin (Soviet Union) feared a
strong, united Germany.
Berlin, the
divided capital,
was located
entirely in East
•
Germany.
• In 1948, Stalin
hoped to force the
Allies out of Berlin
by closing all land
routes for bringing
essential supplies
(food, medicine,
etc.) to West Berlin.
• In response to the
crisis, the western
powers mounted a
successful airlift.
• For almost a year, food and supplies were flown
into West Berlin.
• Finally, the Soviets ended the blockade.
A Divided Germany
The Cold War
• This incident, however, led to the creation of
the Federal Republic of Germany (West
Germany) in 1949.
• Germany, like the rest of Europe, remained
divided.
• In 1961, the East German government built a
wall that separated East Berlin from West
Berlin; known as the Berlin Wall.
• East German soldiers shot anyone who tried to
escape from East Germany.
Berlin Wall Diagram
•
Economic Recovery &
Cooperation in Europe
• With aid from the Marshall Plan, Western
European countries recovered quickly from World
War II.
• The countries promoted their own prosperity
through cooperation.
• The Common Market-In 1957, France, West
Germany, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, and
Luxemburg formed the European Community (EC)
or Common Market to expand free trade.
• European Union-The EC expanded further and
became the European Union (EU) with 25 member
states by 2004, introducing the new currency,
the euro.
Japan becomes an
Economic Superpower
• As the Cold War intensified Japan
rebounded rapidly from the economic
devastation that followed World War II.
• Japan sent many manufactured items to
other countries, building a favorable
balance of trade.
• A country that has a favorable balance of
trade-exports more goods than it imports.
• As Japanese industry prospered, the
nation engaged in increased trade with the
United States.
Why do I need to know
this?
Because…
The Great Wall of
the United States?
• A once-radical idea to build a 2,000-mile
steel-and-wire fence on the U.S.-Mexican
border is gaining momentum amid warnings
that terrorists can easily sneak into the
country.
• Fencing the border
was originally proposed
as an effort to stem
the flow of illegal
migrants and drug
runners.
• Currently, the fence
proposal is meeting
extensive opposition
within Congress and by
environmentalists and
human-rights activists.
How Would This Affect
You Directly?
• Aside from having
our own “Great
Wall” it is
estimated that this
proposal would end
up costing U.S.
taxpayers between
$8 to $12 billion.
Opposing Military Alliances
The Cold War
North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
NATO
• After the Berlin airlift
and the division of
West Germany from
East Germany, Western
European countries
formed a military
alliance.
• This alliance was called
the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, or
NATO.
• Members of NATO pledged to support each
other if any member nation was ever attacked.
The Warsaw Pact
• In 1955, the Soviet
Union formed the
Warsaw Pact.
• It included the Soviet
Union and seven of its
satellites (Soviet
controlled countries) in
Eastern Europe.
• This was also a
defensive alliance,
promising mutual military
cooperation.
The Arms Race
The Cold War
• Both the United
States and the Soviet
Union armed
themselves militarily,
each preparing to
withstand an attack
from the other.
• The United States had
developed the atomic
bomb during World
War II; Soviet
scientists developed
their own in 1949.
• For 40 years, the two
superpowers spent
great amounts of
money to develop more
and more powerful
weapons.
• The arms race raised
the level of tension
between the
superpowers.
• It also raised fears
among many people
that the superpowers
might become involved
in a conflict that would
destroy the world.
Why do I need to know
this?
Because…
Nuclear Weapons: Who had what,
when, and how many
Nation/
1945 1955 1965
Year
United
6
3,057 31,265
States
1975
1985
1995
26,675
22,941
14,766
U.S.S.R.
0
200
6,129
19,443
39,197
27,000
Britain
0
10
310
350
300
300
France
0
0
32
188
360
485
China
0
0
5
185
425
425
Today’s (2007) Nuclear Warhead #’s
These are merely the reported and known number of nuclear weapons.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
United States-10,455
Russia-8,400
China-400
France-350
Israel-250
England-200
India-65
Pakistan-40
North Korea-8
• Total (known)-20,168
The Space Race
The Cold War
• The superpowers also
competed in space.
• In 1957, the Soviet
Union launched Sputnik,
a satellite, into orbit
around the earth.
• Congress soon
established NASA, the
National Aeronautics
and Space
Administration, to
improve American space
technology.
• In 1958, the United
States launched its
own first satellite.
• In 1961, the Soviets
sent the first man
into space.
• Then in 1969, the
United States was the
first nation to put a
man on the moon.
The Korean and Vietnam
Conflicts
• In 1950 the Soviet
backed North Korea
invaded the U.S.
backed South Korea
in an attempt to
reunify the Korean
peninsula.
• United States
President Truman
responded to this
invasion by
committing
American troops to
the war effort.
• When Chinese forces
entered the war in order
to support the communist
North Koreans the
conflict reached a
stalemate.
• On July 27, 1953 a
ceasefire was formally
reached creating the
current border and DMZ
along the 38th parallel.
• The war in Korea
lasted for more
than three years
and cost more than
$15 billion.
• Approximately
34,000 Americans
and 1 million
Koreans and Chinese
died in the conflict.
• The Vietnam War erupted unofficially in 1959,
officially in 1962, when the Soviet and China
backed North Vietnam forces invaded U.S.
backed South Vietnam in an effort to reunify
the country under communist control.
• The Vietnam conflict
was the longest war in
US history (11 years)
• The conflict officially
ended on April 30
1975 when U.S.
forces evacuated
Saigon as it was being
overrun by North
Vietnam communist
forces.
• "War" on North Vietnam was
never officially declared by
the United States.
• A Cornell University study
placed the over-all total U.S.
cost of the Vietnam conflict
at $200 Billion.
• Bomb tonnage dropped during
the Vietnam conflict amounted
to 1,000 lbs. for every man,
woman and child in Vietnam.
• An estimated 70,000 draft
evaders and "dodgers" were
living in Canada by 1972.
• An estimated 3 million
people were killed by
the war, and over 1
million were wounded.
• A total of 47,413
U.S. military forces
were killed in during
the duration of the
Vietnam conflict.
Other Cold War Conflicts
The Invasion of Czechoslovakia
• Another rebellion against
Soviet domination occurred
in Czechoslovakia in the
spring of 1968.
• Alexander Dubcek called
for liberal reforms and
the easing of communist
controls.
• In response, the Soviet
Union sent troops to
overturn the government
and restore a communist
dictatorship.
Today…
Iraq
Why Do I Need To Know
This?
Because…
As of 2/22/09
• 4,247 U.S. soldiers have
been killed in the Iraq
War.
• 31,010 U.S. soldiers
have been seriously
wounded.
Estimated Iraqi Civilians Killed
• A United Nation’s issued report dated
Sept 20, 2006 stated that Iraqi civilian
causalities have been significantly
under-reported.
▪ Casualties are reported at 50,000 to
over 100,000, but may be much higher.
▪ Documented civilian deaths range
between 90,077 to 90,735.
• Journalists killed - 95
(59 by murder and 36
by acts of war.)
• Iraqi Insurgents Killed,
Roughly Estimated 55,000
• Non-Iraqi Contractors
and Civilian Workers
Killed - 514
Current cost of the Iraq War…
• …505 billion of US
taxpayers' dollars.
• The president has
requested another
$100 billion in war
spending for 2007 and
$140 billion for 2008.
• This would bring the
cumulative total for
the Iraq War to be
over 700 billion U.S.
taxpayers dollars.
QUALITY OF LIFE INDICATORS
• Iraqi Unemployment Rate - 27 to 60%, where
curfew not in effect
• Consumer Price Inflation in 2006 - 50%
• Iraqi Children Suffering from Chronic
Malnutrition - 25% in May 2006
• Iraqis Displaced by Iraq War, as of Nov 2007 750,000
• Iraqi Refugees in Syria & Jordan - 1.3 million to
1.75 million
• Percent of professionals who have left Iraq since
2003 - 40%
• Iraqi Physicians Before 2003 Invasion - 34,000
• Iraqi Physicians Who Have Left Iraq Since 2005
Invasion - 12,000
• Iraqi Physicians Murdered Since 2003 Invasion 2,000
• Average Daily Hours Iraqi Homes Have
Electricity - 10.8
• Average Daily Hours Baghdad Homes Have
Electricity - 5.9
• Pre-War Daily Hours Baghdad Homes Have
Electricity - 16 to 24
• Number of Iraqi Homes Connected to Sewer
Systems - 37%
• Percentage of Iraqi Homes with Access to Piped
Water - 78%
Afghanistan
Why Do You Need To Know This?
Because…
• 357 U.S. military forces
have been killed in
Afghanistan.
• 1,071 U.S. military
forces have been seriously
wounded in Afghanistan.
• As of 2006, the total
amount appropriated for
military operations in
Afghanistan has been
$83 billion.
OIL, OPEC & Economic
Interdependence
• Oil became the most
important energy resource
after World War II.
• Global economic
interdependence is shown
in the crisis, both past
and present, that have
developed over oil.
• Much of the world’s oil
comes from the Middle
East.
The Formation of OPEC
• In 1960, Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia,
and Venezuela formed
OPEC, whose initials
stand for the
Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries.
• OPEC’s goal was to
control the oil industry
by setting production
levels and prices.
OPEC and Oil Crises
• In 1973, OPEC nations
halted exports of oil to
certain countries.
• Egypt and Israel were at
war, and Arab countries
declared the embargo
against the United States
and other countries that
supported Israel.
• Prices skyrocketed,
affecting western
economies by slowing
growth.
Collapse of the Soviet Union
The Cold War
DÉTENTE
• By the 1970s, the Cold
War had been going on
for more than 25
years.
• Both the United States
and Soviet Union
realized that the
tension could end in
mutual destruction.
• Large amounts of money
were spent by both
powers on weapons.
• Under their leaders,
Richard Nixon and
Leonid Brezhnev, the
United States and the
Soviet Union promoted
a period of détente, or
lessening of tension.
• Détente involved:
1) Arms control talks and
treaties.
2) Cultural exchanges.
3) Trade agreements.
Gorbachev in the Soviet Union
Collapse of the Soviet Union
• In 1985, Mikhail
Gorbachev came to
power in the Soviet
Union.
• Gorbachev wanted to
end Cold War tensions.
• He pulled troops out of
Afghanistan, in which
the Soviet Union
invaded in 1979.
• Gorbachev also
reformed the Soviet
government and
economy.
PERESTROIKA
• Gorbachev restructured the failing, staterun command economy in a process called
perestroika.
• The goals were to stimulate economic
growth and to make industry more
efficient.
• Gorbachev also backed free market
reforms.
• Perestroika also had some negative effects
such as: inflation increased, and there
were shortages of food and medicine.
GLASNOST
• Gorbachev also called for glasnost, or openness.
• This policy ended censorship and encouraged
people to discuss openly the problems in the
Soviet Union.
Eastern Europe Transformed
Collapse of the Soviet Union
Lech Walesa & Solidarity in Poland
• Throughout Eastern
Europe, Gorbachev’s
reforms had sparked
demands for democracy
and national
independence.
• In the 1980s, in
Poland, economic
hardships caused labor
unrest.
• Led by Lech Walesa,
workers organized
Solidarity, an
independent trade
union.
• With millions of
members, Solidarity
called for political
change.
• At first, the Soviet
Union pressured the
Polish government to
suppress Solidarity.
• The government outlawed
the union and arrested
Walesa and other leaders.
• However, communism’s
power was weakening.
• International pressure as
well as internal pressure
led to reform.
• In 1989, the first free
elections in 50 years were
held, and Solidarity
candidates won.
• Lech Walesa became
president.
East and West Germany United
Collapse of the Soviet Union
• Since World War II, Germany had been divided
into a democratic western state and a communist
eastern state.
• The Berlin Wall had been built in 1961 to keep
East Germans from fleeing to the West.
The Fall of the Berlin Wall
• East Germans wanted to share in the prosperity
and freedom enjoyed by West Germans.
• By 1989, East German leaders could no longer
count on support from the Soviet Union.
• A rising wave of protests forced the communist
government from power.
• In November 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn
down by joyous Germans.
Breakup of the U.S.S.R.
Collapse of the Soviet Union
• As Gorbachev eased
political restrictions,
people began to voice
their nationalist
sentiments.
• In 1991, the Baltic
republics of Estonia,
Latvia, and Lithuania
regained their
independence from the
Soviet Union.
• Soon, all the Soviet
republics declared their
independence.
• The Soviet Union ceased to exist.
• In mid-1991, communist hardliners tried to
overthrow Gorbachev and his reforms.
• Their attempt failed, but Gorbachev soon
resigned.
Difficult Challenges for Russia…
…(former Soviet Union/U.S.S.R.)
Collapse of the Soviet Union
• Boris Yeltsin became the
new Russian president
after Gorbachev
resigned.
• Yeltsin retired in 1999
and voters chose
Vladimir Putin to succeed
him.
• For the first time in
Russian history, power
passed peacefully from
one elected leader to
another.