Transcript DIASPORAS: MEASUREMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES LIKE REMITTANCES October 2012 B. Lindsay Lowell Director of Policy Studies Institute for the Study of International Migration Georgetown University.

DIASPORAS: MEASUREMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES LIKE
REMITTANCES
October 2012
B. Lindsay Lowell
Director of Policy Studies
Institute for the Study of International
Migration
Georgetown University
DIASPORA, EXPATS, EMIGRES AND
POPULATION ABROAD
• Numbers relative to many source countries large
and growing, especially highly educated
• Potential for positive feedback to development is
substantial if leveraged
• Programmatic efforts would benefit from
improved data:
– on stock abroad, but also recurrent migration and
particularly the characteristics and actions of the
diaspora
CENSUS BASED MEASURE OF ÉMIGRÉ
POPULATIONS, 2000 ROUND
• Foreign-born vs foreigner count in major host /
immigrant-receiving countries
– Completed education, gender, major occs
• 2000 round of Censuses & databases:
– World Bank
– OECD
– Other
• 2010 Census rounds
Figure 2. Percentage of Immigrant Stock by Place of
Residence and Level of Development
Percent of Global Immigrant Stock
60%
50%
40%
More Developed
Less developed
30%
Least developed
20%
10%
0%
1975
Source: UN 2006
1985
1995
2005
Table 2. Regional Distribution of All Adult Migrants with Less-than-Tertiary Education by
Source and Receiving Region
Receiving Area
Source Area
Europe
Latin
America
Northern and the
America Caribbean
Asia
Oceania
Table Total
Number of
Residents
2000
Total
Europe
Northern America
Latin America & Caribbean
Asia
Oceania
Africa
46.5
43.0
0.7
3.4
6.4
100
36,878,487
64.5
27.7
9.2
48.1
17.7
89.8
21.1
47.4
88.7
38.7
16.3
7.9
0.4
17.2
0.9
0.1
0.1
0.0
3.9
4.8
1.0
7.0
1.0
0.1
10.2
2.9
0.3
6.0
64.9
2.2
100
100
100
100
100
100
14,408,341
689,008
10,225,946
8,001,457
444,750
3,108,984
1990
Total
Europe
Northern America
Latin America & Caribbean
Asia
Oceania
Africa
48.8
37.9
0.8
4.5
7.9
100
28,198,445
56.9
26.4
11.6
49.8
18.1
93.1
27.0
55.2
85.6
33.6
16.1
4.8
0.4
11.3
1.5
0.2
0.0
0.0
3.7
5.3
0.9
11.8
1.3
0.1
12.0
1.8
0.4
4.6
64.5
2.0
100
100
100
100
100
100
14,003,383
827,915
5,122,185
5,667,674
318,488
2,258,800
Source: Docquier and Marouk, 2006 (author's tabulations of online database).
Note: Includes mobilty across borders and within region. Data collected for OECD receiving nations.
Table 3. Regional Distribution of All Adult Migrants with a Tertiary Education by Source and
Receiving Region
Receiving Area
Source Area
Europe
Latin
America
Northern and the
America Caribbean
Asia
Oceania
Table Total
Number of
Residents
2000
Total
Europe
Northern America
Latin America & Caribbean
Asia
Oceania
Africa
23.6
64.8
0.7
2.4
8.5
100
20,082,686
36.7
24.9
8.0
14.5
22.4
47.8
49.9
62.1
88.3
73.1
27.2
44.5
0.6
4.6
1.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.6
2.3
1.4
4.2
0.7
0.1
11.3
6.1
1.0
8.0
49.6
7.6
100
100
100
100
100
100
6,686,361
947,801
3,655,136
7,041,367
364,055
1,387,966
1990
Total
Europe
Northern America
Latin America & Caribbean
Asia
Oceania
Africa
20.3
64.9
1.0
3.2
10.7
100
12,086,508
27.2
19.1
7.9
13.5
15.3
46.8
57.2
67.2
87.3
69.0
28.5
43.2
0.8
4.8
2.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.9
2.9
1.2
7.7
0.8
0.1
13.9
6.0
1.5
9.6
55.3
9.8
100
100
100
100
100
100
4,803,501
722,634
1,856,287
3,836,581
215,591
651,916
Source: Docquier and Marouk, 2006 (author's tabulations of online database).
Note: Includes mobilty across borders and within region. Data collected for OECD receiving nations.
Scientists resident in OECD countries,
2000 (OECD.stat)
Africa
Asia
Europe
North
America
Oceania
South and
Central
America
and
Caribbean
Country of birth
Other and
unknown
places of
birth
All
countries
of birth
Country of residence
OECD - Total
34,950
206,357
800,549
559,790
217,047
400,653
6,704
2,226,050
Canada
21,385
128,270
83,685
548,615
2,155
22,215
675
807,000
Australia
6,518
54,487
40,858
4,637
171,173
2,152
3,648
283,473
New Zealand
1,488
7,815
9,153
1,302
42,432
177
156
62,523
Sweden
1,255
5,925
76,135
745
220
1,120
140
85,540
Greece
1,199
871
112,751
813
474
107
17
116,232
Ireland
1,173
1,356
70,008
984
372
150
6
74,049
Denmark
746
3,713
154,432
537
75
384
665
160,552
Norway
555
1,897
56,030
640
71
289
18
59,500
Austria
397
1,093
31,273
217
44
146
4
33,174
Finland
88
207
46,971
43
6
21
43
47,379
Hungary
58
231
44,224
56
7
52
..
44,628
Czech Republic
56
237
54,067
65
4
21
503
54,953
Mexico
30
246
1,474
1,131
13
373,816
..
376,710
Slovak Republic
2
9
19,488
5
1
3
829
20,337
Spain
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2010 CENSUS ROUND
Data Collection on International
Migration: UN Statistics Division
Data Collection on International Migration: UN
Statistics Division
http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/tenthcoord2012/Census%20and%20Mi
gration%20Questions%202012.pdf
Figure 1. Disapora Relations Between Sending and Receiving Countries
RECEIVING COUNTRY
Mediate
DIASPORA
Link
Import
Mediate
Reputation
Enforce
Return
Emigrate
Invest
Export
Leaders
Nostalgic
Retail
Link
Transfer
SENDING COUNTRY
DIASPORAS AND CHANNELS THAT FOSTER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
BRAIN STRAIN AND OPTIMAL BRAIN DRAIN
•
An estimated one in ten tertiary educated adults born in the developing world resides in the developed
world; 30 to 50 percent of those trained in science and technology.
RETURN MIGRATION
•
The return of expatriates to their home country is widely perceived as being beneficial; favorable impacts
have been attributed to returning scientists and engineers in Korea and China.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
•
Remittances are the best known flow of monies from the diaspora to its homeland, but foreign currency
accounts and bonds are designed to attract migrants’ monies, etc.
ENTREPRENEURIAL INVESTMENT
•
There is a substantial amount of evidence of entrepreneurship and investment by the highly skilled.
HOMETOWN ASSOCIATIONS
•
The HTAs are best known for sending “collective remittances” primarily for infrastructure and communitybuilding efforts.
IMMIGRATION AND TRADE
•
Research finds that diasporas have a substantial impact on trade flows. So-called nostalgic trade is simply a
first-order creation.
PROFESSIONAL DIASPORA NETWORKS
•
The expansion of networks and the transfer of knowledge are often cited as very important outcomes of
diasporas.
“BRAIN CIRCULATION NETWORKS"
PROMOTED BY WORLD BANK, EXPAT
NETWORKS CAN COUNTERBALANCE
BRAIN STRAIN
Examples:
• Kea New Zealand (30,000 members worldwide)
– http://www.keanewzealand.com/
• Indian global entrepreneurs' network: TIE
– https://www.tie.org/
• Scotland's government funded, Global Scot
– https://www.sdi.co.uk/globalscot.aspx
• Australian expat organisation based in North America: Advance
– http://advance.org/
World Bank’s African Diaspora
Program (ADP)
World Bank African Diaspora Program Action Points
Action Area 1: Formalize working relations with the African Union (AU)
Action Area 2: Work with the African Development Bank to establish and support a
Diaspora Remittance Investment Fund based
Action Area 3: Use World Bank lending instruments, and in collaboration with African
member countries, find ways of engaging the Diaspora
Action Area 4: Establishing a multi-donor trust-funded African Diaspora Engagement
and Facilitation Fund (ADEFF) to provide grant and technical assistance support to
Diaspora organizations,
Action Area 5: Work closely with partner country governments to assist in creating the
“enabling environments” for Diaspora engagement
Action Area 6: Work with Diaspora organizations and professionals, donor agencies
and African governments to share knowledge and improve communications
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/EXTDIASPORA/0,,contentMDK:21496629~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:4246098,00.html
SURVEY NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
• IOM Engaging Diasporas
IOM’s Engaging Diasporas as Agents for
Development, 2005
• 49 countries responded to the questionnaire
• questionnaire contains 18 multiple-choice questions
• answered by diverse governmental institutions & entities
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
Take stock of existing policies, institutions, tools & instruments
Understand policies for diasporas abroad & foreign nationals
Identify specific policy needs & priorities
Identify major obstacles
Explore the relationship between migration & development
Define regional trends.
http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy_and_research/researc
h/Diaspora%20questionnaire%20analysis.pdf
IOM’s Engaging Diasporas as Agents for Development, 2005
SURVEYS OF NATIONAL/REGIONAL
DIASPORA INDIVIDUALS ABROAD
• IOM’s African MIDA project
– Tanzanian survey
– African online diaspora survey
IOM, Migration for Development
in Africa (MIDA)
•
Several modalities to transfer the competencies of the diaspora are possible. The
innovations in the MIDA programme are its uses of the new information
technologies to facilitate the mobility of competencies.
•
MIDA Database / Who should register? – You are a member of the African
diaspora, and you would like to contribute to the development of your country of
origin in key sectors such as: Agriculture, Arts and Humanities, Business and
Commerce, Education, Health, Law, Public Administration and Services; Science
and Technology
– http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/by-theme/migrationdevelopment/mida-africa/diaspora-database
•
Ethiopia online diaspora questionnaire:
– http://ethiopiandiaspora.org/questionaireform.asp
•
Africa recruit, capacity building:
– http://www.africarecruit.com/
Survey for Tanzania Diaspora
Investment and Skills Forum (April 08)
• Total of 676 responses
– Respondents in UK, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Finland, USA, others
– 13% of the respondents belong to a Diaspora Association
– Wide range of professional backgrounds with business, IT, finance significant
• Reasons left: Career (67%) Family (18%) Economic (13%) Political (4%)
• How long ago did you leave? –0-3 years to over 15 years ago (1/3rd)
• 83% consider going back home at some point
• 70% remit for sustenance
• 34% remit for investment
•
http://www.africarecruit.com/SurveyonRemittances.htm
Survey for Tanzania Diaspora Investment and Skills
Forum (April 08)
African Diaspora Survey on
Remittances and Investment (2005)
•
•
•
•
879 online survey forms completed
58% remit for sustenance
52% of these also remit for investment
33% remit for investment
•
http://www.africarecruit.com/SurveyonRemittances.htm
African Diaspora Survey on Remittances and
Investment (2005)
African Diaspora Survey on Remittances and
Investment (2005)
Kea New Zealand's global census,
Every One Counts, 2006
• Online survey of 29,000+ New Zealanders in 155
countries
– 18,000 responses from expatriates, plus
– 11,000 spouses and children of respondents
• 80% have tertiary education (compare 35%
domestically)
• 50% have some economic connection with New
Zealand
•
http://www.keanewzealand.com/global/every-one-counts