休閒運動行為堅持性 勉而行之 利而行之 安而行之 休閒運動行為堅持性  50%的人會在運動過程中退出 (dropout)  Exercise adherence V.S dropout 休閒運動行為堅持性  運動堅持性(exercise of adherence)   依從性(compliance)   為達到某個目標,「堅持」或「忠於」某項行為 標準的歷程。就研究目的而言,運動的堅持性常 被定義為出席率與運動持續時間,是一種長期行 為改變與持續的歷程。 對於治療短期性或立即性的運動處方的實踐與服 從。 退出(dropout)  曾經積極參與運動,之後又因某些因素而停止繼 續參與運動而言。 休閒運動行為堅持性  退出的原因      1.缺乏時間 2.失去興趣 3.家庭因素 4.交通因素 5.便利性 休閒運動行為堅持性  影響運動堅持的原因    個人的因素:收入、教育和職業三項社經 指標與運動有密切關係。 心理因素:人格特質、態度、健康信念與 知識。 社會因素:配偶及家庭的社會支持、同儕 團體、工作要求。

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Transcript 休閒運動行為堅持性 勉而行之 利而行之 安而行之 休閒運動行為堅持性  50%的人會在運動過程中退出 (dropout)  Exercise adherence V.S dropout 休閒運動行為堅持性  運動堅持性(exercise of adherence)   依從性(compliance)   為達到某個目標,「堅持」或「忠於」某項行為 標準的歷程。就研究目的而言,運動的堅持性常 被定義為出席率與運動持續時間,是一種長期行 為改變與持續的歷程。 對於治療短期性或立即性的運動處方的實踐與服 從。 退出(dropout)  曾經積極參與運動,之後又因某些因素而停止繼 續參與運動而言。 休閒運動行為堅持性  退出的原因      1.缺乏時間 2.失去興趣 3.家庭因素 4.交通因素 5.便利性 休閒運動行為堅持性  影響運動堅持的原因    個人的因素:收入、教育和職業三項社經 指標與運動有密切關係。 心理因素:人格特質、態度、健康信念與 知識。 社會因素:配偶及家庭的社會支持、同儕 團體、工作要求。

休閒運動行為堅持性
勉而行之
利而行之
安而行之
1
休閒運動行為堅持性

50%的人會在運動過程中退出
(dropout)

Exercise adherence V.S dropout
2
休閒運動行為堅持性

運動堅持性(exercise of adherence)


依從性(compliance)


為達到某個目標,「堅持」或「忠於」某項行為
標準的歷程。就研究目的而言,運動的堅持性常
被定義為出席率與運動持續時間,是一種長期行
為改變與持續的歷程。
對於治療短期性或立即性的運動處方的實踐與服
從。
退出(dropout)

曾經積極參與運動,之後又因某些因素而停止繼
續參與運動而言。
3
休閒運動行為堅持性

退出的原因





1.缺乏時間
2.失去興趣
3.家庭因素
4.交通因素
5.便利性
4
休閒運動行為堅持性

影響運動堅持的原因



個人的因素:收入、教育和職業三項社經
指標與運動有密切關係。
心理因素:人格特質、態度、健康信念與
知識。
社會因素:配偶及家庭的社會支持、同儕
團體、工作要求。
5
休閒運動行為堅持性

影響運動堅持性的因素









1.便利性(時間與地點)
2.運動設施(舒適與安全)
3.社會支持(指導者、課程、運動伙伴、家庭
支持)
4.團體性(18.2%退出)與個別性(52.6%退出)
5.運動方案的指導者
6.運動處方的適切性
7.運動樂趣
8.運動方案的選擇(選擇與控制)
9.認知失調(cognitive dissociation)
6
休閒運動行為堅持性

促進運動堅持的建議


運動承諾(commitment)
指個體繼續持續參與涉入在活動中,
也可以說是為達成活動目標,所付出
的努力程度和持續的時間、更可以說
是為達成活動目標的決心。
7
Reciprocal determinism
Behavior
frequency
intensity
time
Environment
cultural
worksite
facilities
home equipment
Person
cognitions
emotions
physiology
8

Attention:突出性,情感吸引力,複雜性,流行性,
功能價值,認知能力,喚起水準,獲取性偏好

Retention:符號化或編碼能力,解碼能力

Production:練習,內外在回饋品質,身體能力,
差異的對照

Motivation:自我評價,感受,社會比較偏差,內
在標準
9
Processes
Examples
Exercise Processes of Change
Cognitive Processes
Consciousness raising
Dramatic relief
Environmental reevaluation
Self-reevaluation
Social liberation
I recall information people have personally
given me on the benefits of exercise.
Warnings about health hazards of inactivity
move me emotionally.
I feel would be a better role model for
others if I exercised regularly.
I am considering the idea that regular
exercise would make me a healthier,
happier person to be around.
I find society changing in ways that make it
easier for the exerciser.
Behavioral Process
Counterconditioning
Helping relationships
Reinforcement management
Self-liberation
Stimulus control
Instead of remaining inaction, I engage in
some physical activity.
I have someone on whom I can depend when I
am having problems with exercising.
I reward myself when I exercise.
I tell myself I am able to keep exercising
if I want to.
I put things around my home to remind me of
exercising.
Items From: Marcus, B. H., Rossi, J. S., Selby, V. C., Niaura, R. S., & Abrams, D. B. (1992). The stages and
processes of exercise adoption and maintenance in a worksites sample. Form Health Psychology, 11, pg. 389.
Adapted with permission of the author and publisher.
10
I.
The Movement Experience Itself
‧Using one’s body
‧Time out
‧Focus on the here and now-or the
Movement (mindfulness)
‧Mind-body unity
‧Movement sensations
INTRINSIC
FACTORS
III.
II.
Social and Environmental Experience
‧Camaraderie
‧Exercise buddies
‧New acquaintances
‧Friendships
ENJOYMENT
OF
PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY
Self-Reinforced Feelings of Mastery,
Competence, and Control
‧Self-testing Opportunities
‧Personal satisfaction with skill
development
‧Noticeable improvement in physical
capabilities-strength, endurance, etc.
‧Perception of success
EXTRINSIC
FACTORS
IV.
Externally Reinforced Feelings
of Mastery, Competence,
and Control
‧Tangible rewards
‧Social recognition of ability
‧Peer acceptance and approval
11
The sport commitment model
Sport enjoyment
Involvement alternatives
Personal investments
Sport
commitment
Involvement opportunities
Social constraints
Figure 1. The sport commitment model. Note. From “ Social Psychological Aspects of the competitive Sport Experience for Male Youth
Sport Participants: 4. Predictors of Enjoyment “ by T. K. Scanlan and R. Lewthwaite, 1986, Journal of Sport Psychology, 8(1), p. 33.
Copyright 1986 by Human Kinetics. Reprinted by permission.
12
Relapse prevention model for exercise
Coping Response
(e.g., change in type
or time of exercise)
Increased
Self-efficacy
Decreased probability
of relapse
High-risk situation
(e.g., an injury, work
demands)
No coping
response
Decreased
self-efficacy
Lack of
exercise
Abstinence
Violation
Effect
Increased
probability
of relapse
Positive
outcome
(e.g., think of all the
extra time I’ll have by
not exercising)
13
Cognitive-behavioral model of the
relapse process
Coping
response
Increased
self-efficacy
Decreased
probability of
relapse
High-risk
situation
No-coping
response
Decreased
self-efficacy
Plus
Positive outcome
expectancies (for
substance effects)
Initial use of
substance
Abstinence
violation effect
Plus
Perceived effects
of substance
Increased
probability of
relapse
14
Relapse prevention model
有因應
自我效
能提高
無因應
自我效能
降低,物
質效應
高
風
險
情
境
降低再犯機
率
物質的最
初使用
再犯的行為模式 (Marlatt & Gordon, 1985)
禁戒違反效
果,物質的知
覺效果
再犯率提高
15
.Factors of relapse.

High-risk situations

Negative emotional states

Negative physiologic states

Limited coping skills

Social pressure

Interpersonal conflict

Limited social support

Low motivation
16
.Principles of relapse.

篩選出動機和承諾低的人(退款制度)

後效關聯事件處理

簽定契約

討論再犯的準備,有計劃的再犯

學習因應技能

認知重新結構

分辦再犯(relapse)與失誤(lapse)之分別,失誤是暫時的,不
是永久的.運動參與是連續的,而非全有或全無.
17
以 新行為 替代 舊行為
• 開車或坐車到預定的地點前一站下車,然後步行到目的地
• 用走樓梯代替乘電梯
• 提早半小時起床去慢跑或游泳
• 上班休息時間以伸展操代替吃點心
• 動手作家務(如洗衣服,掃地,種花,油漆)
• 邊看電視邊運動,或利用廣告時間運動(如原地體操,登階
運動,跳繩)
• 參加運動課程或團體,有系統養成運動習慣
• 到運動場地逛逛,即使今天不想運動
18
Passive Therapy
Low Demands
High risk of Side
Effects and Quick
Acting, Potent
Low Risk of Side
Effects and Slow
Acting, Less Potent
Active Therapy
High Demands
Drug Therapy
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Exercise Therapy
(Aerobic/Anaerobic)
Group Therapy
Relaxation Therapy
Exercise Therapy
(Walking, Recreation)
Psychotherapy
Recreational Therapy
Exercise and Other Therapies Categorized According to Active Versus Passive Roles
And High Versus Low Potency and Risk.
19
Schematic representation for operant behavior change
Exercise Psychology
Antecedent conditions
Conceptualization
Environmental cues
Discriminate stimuli
Habitual behaviors
Target behavior
Consequences
Sedentary lifestyle
Smoking
Overeating
High blood pressure
Positive/negative
reinforcement
Punishment
response cost
Reinforcement
Intervention
techniques
Stimulus control
Target behavior
Contingency
management
Goal setting
Contracting
Lottery
Tailoring
Shaping
Aversive control
Prompting
20
Structure of causal perceptions
Exercise Psychology
Internal
Stable
Controllable
Uncontrollable
Industriousne
ss
Tolerance
Laziness
Long-term
effort
Aptitude
Ability
General body
type
Physical
coordination
External
Unstable
Exertion
Persistence
Determination
Commitment
to exercise
Stable
Controllable
Uncontrollable
Mood
Fatigue
Teacher
industrious-ness
Teacher
Tolerance
Ability of the
opponent
Task difficulty
Objective task
Characteristics
Unstable
Teacher
effort
Luck
Chance
21
Subprocesses governing observational learning
Attention
processes
Modeled events
Salience
Affective valence
Complexity
Prevalence
Functional value
Retention
processes
Symbolic coding
Cognitive
organization
Cognitive rehearsal
Enactive rehearsal
Production
processes
Cognitive
representation
Observation of
enactments
Feedback
information
Conception
matching
Observer attributes
Perceptual
capabilities
Perceptual set
Cognitive capabilities
Arousal level
Acquired preferences
Observer attributes
Cognitive skills
Cognitive
structures
Observer attributes
Physical
capabilities
Component
subskills
Modeled
events
Motivational
processes
External incentives
Sensory
Tangible
Social
Control
Vicarious incentives
Self-incentives
Tangible
Self-evaluative
Observer attributes
Incentive
preferences
Social comparative
biases
Internal standards
Matching
pattern
22
Social learning / Social cognitive theory
人類的學習並非完全透過直接的經驗,經由觀察人們可以記錄他人行為及
其後果,學習新行為並不需真正的強化,懲罰,或消除.(Bandura, 1977)

觀察學習的基本過程

示範與模仿
社會認知理論的主題:
主動演練
(1)個人;環境;行為,
三者互為影響


自我效能
(2)知覺評價
23
.觀察學習.

Attention:突出性,情感吸引力,複雜性,流行性,
功能價值,認知能力,喚起水準,獲取性偏好

Retention:符號化或編碼能力,解碼能力

Production:練習,內外在回饋品質,身體能力,
差異的對照

Motivation:自我評價,感受,社會比較偏差,內
在標準
24
.示範與模仿.

與觀察者同質性高者,認同度可提高

聲望比觀察者略高者為佳

比觀察者能力略強者較能力高超者佳

熱情與關懷者效果較佳

示範者的其他方面(如口頭禪;名牌服飾)有強大的
暗示作用

生動;活潑;逼真的示範更有助於吸引注意力,其效
果優於象徵性的楷模(影片)

漸進示範(或分解動作)有助於學習複雜的技能學習
25
.主動演練.

替代性強化(vicarious reinforcement):經由觀察而沒有
行為表現,僅對於示範動作有所了解

直接強化(direct reinforcement):觀察者在複製行為後
的親身體驗.較為有效.

模仿與演練,改進自己的行為,使其接近示範者之動
作.

接近真實的情境,有助於類化與遷移.
26
The influence of psychology and the sport sciences on
the many dimensions associated with sport psychology
PSYCHOLOGY
THE SPORT SCIENCES
SPORT PSYCHOLOGY
LEARNING,
PERFORMANCE,
SKILL
demands of events
practices simulations
practice techniques
feedback
learning processes
observational
learning
automaticity
adaptive skills
information
processing
expert systems
YOUTH
optimal learning
periods
ideal experiences
influence of
coaches/agents
maturational
influences
motives
dropping out
gender
considerations
MENTAL/
PSYCHOLOGCAL SKILLS
& PROGRAMS
mental-preparation
routines
imagery
focus of attention
self-esteem and
confidence
attributions
goal setting
arousal level
motivational
approaches
self-regulation
COUNSELING
coping with
problems
injury and pain
depression
drug abuse
eating disorders
career termination
severe anxiety
maladaptive
behavior
disabilities
aggression
GROUP
DYNAMICS
productivity
morale and
cohesion
leadership style
interactive
processes
social dimensions
spectator effects
morals
gender
considerations
EVALUATION
WELL-BEING
test construction
psychological
attributes
cognitive styles
diagnosis
personnel
detection/selection
prediction of
success
motivation to
exercise
adherence
psychological
benefits
quality of life
self-perceptions
27
發展休閒運動承諾的方法






建立合理的目標
寫下心理契約(psychological contracting)
指導人員的支持與協助
共同參與目標的擬定
必要的學習與訓練
適當的報酬與誘因
28
心理契約(psychological contracting)
運動健身自我承諾契約書
我(姓名)_________願意自民國____年___月___日起至____月____日止共
____週,每週至少從事三天(次),每天(次)至少三十分鐘以上之運動。
運動方式:每週各一次有氧舞蹈、瑜珈與健走。
飲食方式:四低一高(低脂肪、低蛋白質、低鹽、低醣、高纖維之攝食)。
如達契約規定,可獲結業証書與書籍一本獎勵。如未達契約規定,願繳交
200元為學校或社區健康促進之基金。
立約人:___________________________簽名蓋章
見證人(鼓勵者):___________________ 簽名蓋章
中華民國___
年_______
月_________日
29