1 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Education at a Glance 2007 Under embargo until 18 September 2007 11:00 Paris time.
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1 1 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Education at a Glance 2007 Under embargo until 18 September 2007 11:00 Paris time 4 The pool of workers with higher education qualifications has expanded markedly… …but at varying paces across countries… A1.3a 1. Year of reference 2004. 2. Year of reference 2003. 0 Austria Turkey Czech Republic Chile1 Germany Slovenia Italy Slovak Republic Mexico Greece Hungary Portugal Belgium Russian… Switzerland 45-54 EU19 average France OECD average Luxembourg Estonia 35-44 Poland New Zealand Ireland Finland United Kingdom 25-34 Spain Japan Canada Sweden Australia 27 United States 5 Denmark 30 Korea Iceland Netherlands Israel Norway 5 5 Growth in higher education qualifications Approximated by the percentage of persons with ISCED 5A/6 qualification born in the age groups shown below (2005) 55-64 40 % 35 5 7 25 20 15 10 1 6 …and today the US ranks only 18th in higher education graduation rates... …in part because the US has the highest college drop-out rate among OECD countries… Higher education graduation rates (1995, 2000, 2005) Percentage of tertiary type A graduates to the population at the typical age of graduation % 70 2005 1995 2000 60 50 40 30 20 10 1. Net graduation rate is calculated by summing the graduation rates by single year of age in 2005. 2. Year of reference 2004. Turkey Slovenia1 Germany1 Austria1 Czech Republic4 Greece Switzerland Portugal1 Spain1 United States Israel1 EU19 average Japan Hungary OECD average Sweden1 Ireland United Kingdom Norway1 Italy Netherlands1 Poland Denmark1 Slovak Republic1 A3.1 Finland1,2 New Zealand1 Iceland1 0 Australia1 7 7 A3.4 1. Year of reference 2004. Hungary Netherlands Mexico Czech Republic Norway Turkey Austria Iceland Belgium Germany Greece Spain Portugal United States Italy 4000 Slovak Republic 4500 Japan Denmark EU19 average Sweden OECD average Switzerland Poland United Kingdom New Zealand Finland1 Australia France Ireland Korea Number of graduates 8 8 Number of higher education science graduates per 100 000 employed 25-to-34-year-olds (2005) Tertiary-type A, tertiary-type B and advanced research programmes, by gender 5000 Males Females Total 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 9 This is despite the fact that an above-average share of 15-year-olds reports to expect completing a college degree Greece Canada 1. Response rate too low to ensure comparability. Germany Switzerland United Kingdom1 Netherlands Austria Denmark Vocational HE Poland Czech Republic Slovak Republic Finland Iceland France New Zealand 90 Portugal Norway Luxembourg Italy Sweden Belgium Spain Hungary Mexico Ireland Australia Japan United States A4.1 Turkey Korea 10 10 Percentage of 15-year-olds expecting to complete higher education (2003) % 100 University 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 11 Across OECD countries, the increasing supply of welleducated labor has been matched by the creation of high-paying jobs. 12 12 The effects of the expansion of higher education: In those countries that did not expand higher education (the bottom group), failure to complete high school is now associated with an 80% greater probability of being unemployed, compared to less than 50% in the top group. A high calibre workforce or the overqualified crowding out the lesser qualified? Lower secondary “Middle group” unemployment rate as a ratio of upper secondary unemployment rate “Bottom group” The eight countries with modest 1.9 in higher increases education (2.4% on Top group Middle group The nine countries with no or very Bottom group modest increases in higher education (0.1% on average) (includes US) average) 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 “Top group” The nine1.3countries that expanded 1995 higher education fastest1998 in the 1999 1990s (5.9% on average) A1.4 2000 2001 2002 2004 Changes in higher education and changes in unemployment for lower secondary educated adults: late 1990s and early 2000s 13 13 Countries in Percentage red had point change within the periods low or no growth in tertiary attainment but r substantial Note also : rising growth in higher education qualifications 0.25 unemployment among thenotSlovak seem generally toRepublic have led to an “inflation” lower educated. Change in unemployment 1995-2004 0.3 0.2 of the labour-market value of qualifications. 0.15 0.1 Countries in green In all but three of the 20 countries with available Czech Republic Poland had the fastest growth data, the earnings benefit increased between 1997 in tertiary attainment and 2003, in Germany, Italy and Hungary between and by close to zero or negative growth in 20% and 40% Germany 0.05 Greece unemployment. Turkey Switzerland United States 0 Mexico -0.05 Austria Portugal Italy Norway Canada Netherlands New Zealand Korea Belgium Australia Sweden Denmark United Kingdom Finland France Spain Ireland -0.1 A1.5 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 Change in tertiary attainment levels between 1990-1994 and 1995-1999 0.12 14 Student numbers have continued to rise… …but spending on higher education rose often even faster. Index of change between 1995 and 2004 (1995=100, 2004 constant prices) Tertiary education Change in expenditure Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalent) Change in expenditure per student Index of change (1995=100) 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 B1.7b 1. Public institutions only. 2. Some levels of education are included with others. 3. Public expenditure only. Czech Republic Hungary2 Brazil1,2,3 Poland1,2 Israel United Kingdom Portugal2 Sweden Australia Japan3 Netherlands Norway1 Chile Germany Mexico Finland Slovak Republic3 Austria Denmark3 Ireland Italy United States Switzerland1,2 Greece1 Spain 60 Turkey2 15 15 Changes in the number of higher education students as well as changes in expenditure on higher education institutions per student, by level of education (1995,2004) 16 The US spends more than twice as much per higher education than the European Union. Expenditure on educational core services, R&D and ancillary services in higher education institutions as a percentage of GDP (2004) 17 17 % of GDP 3.0 Total expenditure on educational institutions Research & development (R&D) Ancillary services (transport, meals, housing provided by institutions) Educational core services 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Russian Federation2 Turkey4 Portugal2 Iceland1,2 Japan1,2 Chile2,3 Brazil1 Estonia Italy Hungary Czech Republic Some levels of education are included with others. Total expenditure at tertiary level including R&D expenditure Year of reference 2005. Total expenditure at tertiary level excluding R&D expenditure Slovak Republic1 Germany Greece Ireland Spain Austria Belgium Netherlands Mexico France Slovenia Switzerland New Zealand Norway Poland Australia Sweden Finland Israel Denmark1 1. 2. 3. 4. United Kingdom B6.2 Korea United States 0.0 18 The US has the largest private share in higher education spending, and the highest level of tuition fees in public institutions… …but a large proportion of students benefit from subsidies in the form of loans, scholarships or grants. 19 19 Average annual tuition fees charged by public colleges and universities for full-time national students in US Dollars converted using PPPs (school year 2004/2005) USD 5000 United States (64%) 4000 Australia (82%), Japan (41%), Korea (51%) This chart does not take into account grants, subsidies or loans that partially or fully offset the students’ tuition fees. Canada (m) 3000 Israel1 (55%) 2000 United Kingdom1 (52%) New Zealand (79%), Netherlands1 (59%) 1000 500 0 B5.1 Italy (56%) Austria (37%), Spain (43%), Belgium (Fr. and Fl.) (33%) Turkey (27%), France (m) Czech Republic (41%), Denmark (57%), Finland (73%), Ireland (45%), Iceland (45%), Norway (76%), Poland (76%), Sweden (76%) 1. Public institutions do not exist at this level of education and most of the students are enrolled in government dependent institutions. Relationships between average tuition fees charged by public higher education institutions and proportion of students that benefit from public loans or/ and scholarships / grants (school year 2004/2005) 20 20 Average tuition fees charged by public institutions in USD For national full-time national students, in USD converted using PPPs 6000 United States 4500 Japan Australia 3000 Netherlands1 1500 Austria Spain Belgium (Fr.) 0 B5.3 France2 Italy Sweden and Norway Finland Poland 0 25 50 Czech Republic Iceland Denmark Turkey 75 100 % of students that benefit from public loans or/ and sholarships / grants 1. Public institutions do not exist at this level of education and all students are enrolled in government-dependent institutions. 2. Average tuition fees from 160 to 490 USD. 22 Many countries have moved close towards making high school completion universal… Growth in baseline qualifications 23 23 A world of change Approximated by percentage of persons with high school or equivalent qualfications in the age groups 55-64, 45-55, 45-44 und 25-34 years 1990s 1970s 1960s 100 1 90 80 13 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 27 10 1. Excluding ISCED 3C short programmes 3. Including some ISCED 3C short programmes 2. Year of reference 2004 3. Year of reference 2003. Brazil2 Mexico Portugal Turkey Spain Italy Greece Chile2 Korea Ireland Poland Belgium Iceland Australia France OECD average EU19 average Luxembourg Netherlands United Kingdom3 Finland Hungary New Zealand Slovak Republic Israel Slovenia Austria3 Russian Federation4 Sweden Norway Canada Denmark Switzerland Germany Estonia Czech Republic 0 United States % 1980s 24 A comparison of high school graduation rates shows the US performing well below the average. Ireland Norway Korea Japan Finland1 1. Year of reference 2004. Mexico Turkey Portugal New Zealand Spain Chile United States Luxembourg Sweden Iceland Italy OECD average Slovenia Slovak Republic Hungary EU19 average United Kingdom Denmark Poland 2005 Switzerland Israel 100 % Czech Republic4 A2.1 Germany Greece 25 25 High school graduation rates (1995, 2005) Percentage of graduates to the population at the typical age of graduation (unduplicated count) 1995 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 26 Resources in schools 27 27 Efficiency levels in primary and lower secondary education Potential for increasing learning outcomes at current levels of resources in primary and lower secondary education across OECD countries as a whole According to this chart, across OECD countries, there is potential for Input efficiency outcomes (extent to which canwhile be reduced while maintaining the same level of outputs) increasing learning byinputs 22% maintaining current levels of resources (output(the efficiency). scope reducing Output efficiency extent to whichThe outputs can befor increased with thethe sameresources level of outputs) devoted to education while maintaining the current levels of outcomes Rate of efficiency is slightly larger, at 30% (input efficiency). 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Overall efficiency levels B7.1 Public schools Government-dependent private schools Independent private schools Average class size in primary education (2000, 2005) 2005 Number of students per class 40 35 30 25 2000 The average class size in primary education is 22 students per class, but varies between countries from 33 in Korea to less than half that number in Luxembourg and the partner economy the Russian Federation. From 2000 to 2005, the average class size did not vary significantly, but the differences in class size between OECD countries seem to have diminished. 20 15 10 5 Luxembourg Slovenia Italy Iceland Portugal Switzerland Denmark Greece Estonia Slovak Republic Mexico Hungary Austria Poland Czech Republic Belgium (Fr.) Spain Netherlands Germany2 United States Australia United Kingdom Ireland1 Brazil Israel Turkey Japan 1. Public institutions only 2. Years of reference 2001 and 2005. Russian Federation D2.1a Chile 0 Korea 29 29 Teachers’ salaries (minimum, after 15 years experience, International comparisons of salaries provide simplified illustrations of the compensation teachers for education their work. However, and maximum) inreceived lower by secondary statutory salaries as reported in this indicator must be distinguished Annual statutory teachers’ salaries in public institutions in lower from the actual wage expenditures incurred by governments secondary education, in equivalent USD converted using PPs,and andfrom teachers’ average salaries, which are also influenced by other factors the ratio of salary of 15 years of experience to GDP per capita such as the age structure of the teaching force or the prevalence of part-time work. Salary after 15 years of experience/ minimum training Equivalent USD converted using PPPs Starting salary/ minimum training Salary at the top of scale/ minimum training 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 Hungary Israel Mexico Czech Republic Iceland Slovenia Greece Sweden Italy Portugal France Norway New Zealand Finland Austria Denmark Belgium (Fr.) Belgium (Fl.) Spain England Australia Netherlands Ireland Japan Scotland Germany Korea United States D3.2 Switzerland 0 Luxembourg 30 30 Number of teaching hours per year, by level of education (2005) Net contact time in hours per year in public institutions Lower secondary education Upper secondary education, general programme countries, a education primary school teacher teaches Primary Hours per year In OECD and average of 803 hours per year (2 less than the previous year), but this varies from less than 650 hours in Denmark, Japan and Turkey to 900 hours or more in France, Ireland, the Netherlands and New Zealand and over 1 000 hours in the United States and in the partner economy Israel. 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 D4.2 Turkey Japan Hungary Portugal Korea Greece Finland Italy Austria France Denmark Luxembourg Czech Republic Norway Iceland Slovenia Spain Belgium (Fl.) Belgium (Fr.) Ireland Netherlands Germany Estonia Israel Brazil Australia Chile Scotland Russian Federation New Zealand Mexico 0 United States 31 31