WORLD WAR I “The War to End All Wars” http://www.history.com/topics/world-wari/videos#wwi-firsts Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary (very powerful at this time) Italy.
Download ReportTranscript WORLD WAR I “The War to End All Wars” http://www.history.com/topics/world-wari/videos#wwi-firsts Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary (very powerful at this time) Italy.
WORLD WAR I “The War to End All Wars” http://www.history.com/topics/world-wari/videos#wwi-firsts Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary (very powerful at this time) Italy Franco-Russian Alliance France Russia German Power By late 1800’s Germany the strongest nation in Europe British Arms Leads not happy about this race ensues (mainly naval race) to Triple Entente Informal alliance between GB, France, and Russia Nationalism A feeling of intense pride in one’s homeland Spreading throughout Europe Because of Imperialism (competition) Growing in the Balkans (where the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empire were) Serbs pushing for independence Serbs Same ethnic group as Russians Gained independence Serbia Austro-Hungary annexed Bosnia Serbia wanted Bosnia to become a part of it Serbs very angry Serbs believe Austro-Hungary trying to take over them Cold Blooded Murder!!! Archduke Franz Ferdinand Heir to the throne of Austro-Hungary Visits Bosnian capital of Sarajevo Assassinated (June 1914) By Gavrilo Princip Member of Serbian nationalist group “Black Hand” Serbian officials knew of plan Hoped to start a war Wanted to bring down Austro-Hungarian Empire Everything Unravels Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (July 28, 1914) Russia ready to help Serbs Mobilize troops on German border Germany declares war on Russia (August 1, 1914) Germany declares war on France (August 3, 1914) How the first World War starts Archduke Ferdinand Nationalism Imperialism Would you fight for one of your friends? How close of friend would they have to be? Have you done so in the past? If you had two friends in a fight, which side would you choice? Germany’s Plan Immediately attacked toward France Quickly knock out France, then go toward Russia But…. To get to France, they decide to go thru Belgium And Britain guaranteed Belgium neutrality So, what do they do once Germany invades Belgium? Declare War? Give a warning? Not worry about it? Declare war on Germany Italy leaves Triple Alliance Because Allies promise them Austro-Hungarian territory after victory So, Germany and Austria-Hungary needed more teammates Pick up Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria Form Central Powers So, Germany is fighting GB and France in Belgium Now they get attacked by Russia from the east Makes invasion of France more difficult Get to within 30 miles of Paris Battle of the Marne Battle of the Marne Where GB and France finally stop the German attack Bloody stalemate for next three years Trench Warfare Central Powers much more successful on Eastern Front Russia had 2 million casualties in 1 year Should US Enter WWI? Some say yes, some say no President Woodrow Wilson wants to be neutral US has 8 million Germans (US pop. Little over 99 million) 4.5 million Irish Americans Who were under British rule for centuries Same heritage, language, and political ideals as GB Buddies with France. Why? Helped us in Revolutionary War Overall, majority of US public favored the Allies Carrie Chapman Catt and Jane Addams wanted peace President Wilson’s cabinet All except William Jennings Bryan favored joining Allied forces He wanted neutrality Many military leaders wanted to join Allies To keep a good balance of power in the world Businesses support Allies Had Many banks started making loans to Allied countries $2 strong ties with Allied countries billion Some loans to Germans $27 million Propaganda British used this to persuade US to enter on Allied side Very well made German propaganda mainly anti-Russian Most from US didn’t like Britain also cut the transatlantic telegraph cable from Europe to US Only news about war came solely from Britain Presented in a way to sway US opinion What Gets US To Enter War? U-boat attacks Lusitania sank (British ship) Killed 1,200 passengers 128 US die Including women and children Sussex sank (French ship) Injured many from US onboard Pres. Wilson gives final warning to Germans Sussex Pledge Germany agrees to sink no more ships Want to keep US out for now (afraid join Allies) Zimmermann telegram Arthur It Zimmerman sent telegram to Mexico promised Mexico its “lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona” if they became a German ally British intelligence intercepted the telegram Germany changes their mind Believe they can make GB surrender in four to six months So, they start/continue unrestricted submarine warfare Didn’t think US could mobilize and send an army over in enough time US finally declares war on Germany in April 1917 US Arrives in Europe US sends in 2 million troops into the war US soldiers called “doughboys” Inexperienced but willing to fight Boosted the moral of the Allies http://www.history.com/videos/world-war-ipacks#world-war-i-packs Battle at Sea British sent warships to fight the German U-boats, while the merchant ships went alone as fast as they could Not very effective So…. Admiral William S. Sims (US) came up with a better idea Convoys Convoy- Small highly maneuverable warships traveling along (escorting) with merchant ships to protect them Never alone If a ship got sunk then other ships were there to rescue them Shipping losses were reduced US troops were safely taken over to fight in Europe Russian Revolution Food shortages People not happy with gov’t decisions during the war Czar Nicholas II abdicated his throne (stepped down) Russian Revolution began Russia Leaves the War Provisional gov’t set up But The Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin overthrew it Established a Communist gov’t in Nov. 1917 First thing Lenin did was get out of the war Wanted to focus on establishing Communist government Russia had to give up lots of territory though Ukraine, Finland, Polish and Baltic territories US Combat We respected the French very much Because of help during Revolutionary War Felt like we owed them But John J. Pershing (US General) did not want to fight under the French and British Wanted to command and fight by ourselves Pres. Wilson agreed Except 93rd Infantry Division African American unit Fought under/with French First US soldiers in combat during WWI Germany’s Last Offensive With US help, the Allies doing well Germany decides to make a big push Used troops now available from Russia on Western Front Make it all the way back to 40 miles from Paris So, US launches our own offensive Captured the village of Cantigny Stopped the Germans from getting to Paris Held our ground along with French and British Germany stalled Allies decide to make many massive counterattacks Go for the knockout punch General Pershing assembled over 600,000 US troops, 40,000 tons of supplies, and 4,000 artillery pieces Biggest attack in US history Successful Germans start retreating across the Western Front American Heroes Alvin York Grew up poor in Tennessee Opposed the war at first Christian Did not believe in killing anyone York’s platoon being beaten badly in a machine gun fight So he takes control of machine guns Kills between 9-25 Germans Took 132 German prisoners Given Medal of Honor Set up Alvin York Institute A school to help poor children in Tennessee Eddie Rickenbacker Famous race car driver Combat pilot Fought in 134 air battles (remember life length of a fighter pilot in WWI?) Shot down 26 aircraft Fought off 7 German aircraft by himself Given Congressional Medal of Honor http://youtu.be/jJWP-SqEaq4 Fighting Stops Revolution in Austria-Hungary (Oct. 1918) Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia wanted independence Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire surrender to allies (Nov. 1918) Same thing happens within the German forces German emperor steps down Germany becomes a republic Germany signs an armistice (a truce) to stop fighting On 11-11-1918 the fighting stopped Treaty of Versailles Lasted Five Months “Big Four” President Woodrow Wilson British Prime Minister David Lloyd George French Premier George Clemenceau Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando Russia not invited. Why? Fourteen Points Pres. Wilson thought he had a great idea Fourteen Points Peace plan that had conditions for lasting peace in Europe Based on “the principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities” First five points Eliminate the causes of war thru free trade, disarmament, and open diplomacy Create free trade among nations End secret treaties Reduce armed forces Settle all colonial claims fairly Freedom of navigation on the seas Next eight points The right of national self-determination- borders of countries should be based on ethnicity and national identity (Texas might be its own country) No nation allowed to keep territory taken from another country Evacuate German troops from Russia Restore Belgium’s freedom Restore all French territory Adjust Italy’s borders to where Italians live Divide Austria-Hungary up Base borders of the Balkan states on nationality Break up Ottoman Empire Give Poland independence Very last of the fourteen points Create a League of Nations General association of nations Similar to UN Many people liked these fourteen points Some wanted more penalties for Germans GB didn’t want to give up their sea power Conditions of Treaty of Versailles In the end Germany blamed for war Caused by “the aggression of Germany” Treaty set up to punish and weaken Germany Germany required to pay reparations of $33billion Hurt German economy for a long time Eventually reason why Hitler came into power Germany had to publicly admit that they started the war New boundaries in Europe New countries created from the Central Powers land League of Nations approved! But….US didn’t sign Treaty of Versailles Thought it was an “entangling alliance” that our founders would disapprove of Treaty called for member states to aid any member who was attacked This took away Congress’s power to declare war http://youtu.be/cehJIiWfJuw The War’s Impact The war is over How are things back home going to be? What is an armistice? No more production of war materials So workers laid off Two million soldiers coming back home looking for jobs too Government no longer has control over economy No more rationed goods No more price controls So rapid inflation Prices rose 15% Cost of living went up Price of the dollar does what? Can inflation be good? All of this leads to strikes The Red Scare Russia had just been taken over by Communists Since the late 1800’s the US had questioned many immigrants of bringing in Communist ideas that caused labor unrest and violence Communisms associated with disloyalty and treachery Thought that they were coming to the US to start a revolution Why do you think people were afraid of Communists? Communists called “Reds” Many strikes made many people think lots of Reds were coming to US In 1919 the USPS found more than 30 parcels containing homemade bombs In June 1919 eight bombs exploded in eight cities within minutes of each other Freaked everyone out Palmer Raids So US Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer created General Intelligence Division (later the FBI) No evidence on who did it But Palmer went after the foreign born Conducted raids on many foreign offices like the Union of Russian Workers In the end, thousands of suspects detained and close to 600 people were deported Palmer and his agents often ignored civil liberties and rights Search warrants not used No court hearings at times This led many to link radicalism with immigrants Then people tried to get Congress to limit immigration Another Red Scare after WWII First about mainly workers (strikes) Second about Reds getting in gov’t positions and workers Were the Palmer Raids justified? Has something similar to this happened recently? Put yourself in the shoes of one of the immigrants who got deported. What would that be like?