BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY TRAINING FOR SUPERVISORS CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING 29 CFR 1910 WELCOME BASIS FOR THIS COURSE Statistically, safe attitudes result in accident prevention. Safe.
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BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY TRAINING FOR SUPERVISORS CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING 29 CFR 1910 WELCOME BASIS FOR THIS COURSE Statistically, safe attitudes result in accident prevention. Safe attitudes result in safe behaviors at work. Development of improved safe attitudes toward work. Elimination of workplace injuries & illnesses where possible. Reduction of workplace injuries & illnesses where possible. OSHA Safety Standards require: Training be conducted Workplace Hazards be assessed Hazards and precautions be explained Accidents be investigated Job Hazards be assessed and controlled COURSE OBJECTIVES Discuss the local safety policy. Discuss supervisor responsibilities. Discuss the concepts of behavior - based safety. Introduce 29 CFR 1910, the industrial safety standards. Discuss the OSHA penalties policy for safety violations. Discuss methods and techniques used to protect workers. COMPANY SAFETY POLICY The personal safety and health of each employee of this company is of primary importance. The prevention of occupationally-induced injuries and illnesses is of such consequence that it will be given precedence over operating productivity whenever necessary. To the greatest degree possible, this company will provide all mechanical and physical facilities required for personal safety and health in keeping with the highest standards. INITIAL TRAINING THE EMPLOYER MUST PROVIDE TRAINING: Train in Safety Related Work Practices. Conduct Training Prior to Job Assignment. Explain The Specific Regulations That Apply. Teach The Local Hazard Reporting Procedures. Explain The Hazards Associated with Their Work Area. RETRAINING REQUIREMENTS REQUIRED WHEN THERE IS A: New Work Area Hazard. Program Related Injury. Change in Job Assignment. New Equipment Introduced. New Hazard Control Methods. Failure in Written Work Procedures. Failure in the Safety Work Practices. Reason to Doubt Employee Proficiency. BEHAVIORAL-BASED SAFETY IS IMPORTANT A GOOD PROGRAM WILL HELP: Improve Quality. Improve Absenteeism. Maintain a Healthier Work Force. Reduce Injury and Illness Rates. Acceptance of High-Turnover Jobs. Workers Feel Good About Their Work. Reduce Workers’ Compensation Costs. Elevate SAFETY to a Higher Level of Awareness. PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION IMPLEMENTATION OF A BEHAVIOR- BASED SAFETY PROGRAM REQUIRES: DEDICATION PERSONAL INTEREST MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT NOTE: UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE IS ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL! RESPONSIBILITY IS IMPORTANT EFFECTIVE ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY TWO WAY STREET MGMT. SUPERVISION LABOR FORCE AUTHORITY & ACCOUNTABILITY WHAT IS BEHAVIOR - BASED SAFETY? Behavior-based safety is a safety management system that specifies exactly which behaviors are required from each employee. These behaviors are geared toward a safer work environment. The system must have controls in place which will measure whether or not these behaviors exist as a routine element in the work environment. Acceptable behaviors must be positively reinforced frequently and immediately as the behavior occurs. MANAGEMENT’S ROLE Considerations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Get Involved. Learn! Ensure Your Support Is Visible. Support the Program. Implement Ways to Measure Effectiveness. Attend the Same Training As Your Workers. Interact With Your Workers. Insist on Periodic Follow-up & Program Review. Follow-up on the Actions You Took. THE SUPERVISOR’S ROLE Considerations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Get Involved. Get Your Workers Involved. Never Ridicule Any Injury or Near Miss. Be Positive, Motivate, and Reward. Find Ways to Measure Behavior. Attend the Same Training As Your Workers. Be Proactive - Get Involved in Safety. Be Professional - You Could Save a Life Today. Follow-up on the Actions You Took. SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES THE SUPERVISORS PRIMARY JOB: Control the work environment. Enforce existing work rules. Constantly reassess conditions. Improve the system or process. Involve employees. Bring safety concerns to management. Serve as company liaison. SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES Continued Regarding Safety Training! THE SUPERVISOR MUST: Know the training needs of his or her workers. Be aware of changing conditions requiring new training. Be constantly aware of safety conditions in the workplace. Ensure workers are included in the safety process. Solicit ideas for safety improvements from workers. Interact closely with the Company Safety Officer. Halt any operation where personal injury could result. SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES Continued Regarding Near Misses! THE SUPERVISOR MUST: Treat all “Near Misses” as an accident. Report it. Investigate the cause. Determine corrective measures. Update and annotate! Follow up to ensure compliance. SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES Continued Regarding Flow of Safety Information! THE SUPERVISOR MUST: Act as a conduit, upward and downward. Act as a filter, use your experience. Inform the sender if you change the message. Be proactive, look for problems. Be thorough, follow up on the actions you took. Ask your employees to ensure comprehension. If it doesn’t make sense to you. It won’t to your people. SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES Continued ELIMINATE BEHAVIOR THAT IS DRIVEN BY: LACK OF Appropriate Safety Training. Knowledge of Personal Responsibility. Knowledge of Safety Procedures. Knowledge of Safety Information. Knowledge of Machines or Equipment. Knowledge of Facility Operations. WHAT’S LEFT, IDEALLY IS ATTITUDINAL, WHICH DRIVES BEHAVIOR SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES Continued Regarding Your Ability to Supervise! RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTABILITY SUPERVISOR AUTHORITY DELEGATION SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES Continued Regarding Your Ability to Supervise! RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTABILITY AUTHORITY REMOVE ANY ONE AND YOU CANNOT EFFECTIVELY SUPERVISE SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES Continued Regarding Your Ability to Supervise! RESPONSIBILITY Safety is one of your specific duties. You are responsible for controlling your work area. You must be knowledgeable of your responsibilities. AUTHORITY is needed to carry out responsibilities. SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES Continued Regarding Your Ability to Supervise! AUTHORITY Authority is absolutely critical. Authority must be commensurate with responsibility. Authority allows you to take action. Authority allows you to correct deficiencies. Authority must be controlled. ACCOUNTABILITY is needed to control Authority. SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES Continued Regarding Your Ability to Supervise! ACCOUNTABILITY Accountability is the check and balance. Accountability must be appropriate. Accountability measures compliance. Accountability must be used in consonance with Responsibility and Authority. SUPERVISOR RESPONSIBILITIES Continued TO VARYING DEGREES ALL EMPLOYEES HAVE: RESPONSIBILITIES, AUTHORITY AND ARE ACCOUNTABLE FOR SAFETY. THE EMPLOYEE’S ROLE Considerations: 1. Get Involved. 2. Contribute to Make Corrective Actions. 3. Understand How Your Behavior Affects Job Safety. 4. Report All Accidents and Near-Misses Immediately. 5. Be Proactive and Professional. 6. Report All Safety Problems or Deficiencies. 7. Follow-up With Any Additional Information. 8. Understand the Reason Work Must be Observed. SAFETY COMMITTEE Safety Committees Should: Document Meetings. Encourage Employee Involvement. Provide Feedback Without Fear of Reprisal. Make Recommendations for Corrective Action. Analyze Statistical Data Concerning Accidents. Hold Regular Safety Review Meetings. Bring Employee Concerns to Management's Attention. Follow-up Is Critical. WORKSITE ANALYSIS WORKSITE ANALYSIS INCLUDES: 1. Gathering Behavior Information From Available Sources. 2. Observing Behavior of Employees During Varying Conditions. 3. Developing Lists of Acceptable Behavior for Specific Jobs. 4. Conducting Baseline Screening Surveys to Determine Which Jobs Are High Risk and Need a Closer Analysis. 5. Performing Job Hazard Analyses of High Risk Jobs. 6. After Implementing Control Measures, Conducting Periodic Surveys and Follow-up to Evaluate Changes in Behavior. WORKSITE ANALYSIS Continued TANGIBLE INDICATORS: Accident Records Behavior Observations Production Records Personnel Records Employee Surveys Policies and Procedures BEHAVIOR PRINCIPLES WHAT IS BEHAVIOR? Behavior Is What a Person Does or Says. What Causes a Person to Take This Particular Behavior or Course of Action Depends On Other Influencing Factors. Attitude and Situational Conditions Cause The Particular Behavior. BEHAVIOR PRINCIPLES Continued What Influences Behavior? Motivation. Intelligence. Emotions. Experience. Attitude Situational Conditions. Desire Need. Abilities. Skills. Ambition. What Else Can You Think Of? BEHAVIOR PRINCIPLES Continued When The Reason For Behavior is Not Known. Determine What Motivates The Behavior. -- Lack of Training? -- Working Conditions? -- Personal Problems? Work-Related Problem? - Try and Fix It. Personal Problem? - Work Within Company Resources Find Positive Ways To Discourage Unacceptable Behavior. OBSERVING BEHAVIOR OBSERVING BEHAVIOR Behavior Must Be Observed to Begin to Understand Current Behavior and Develop Lists of Acceptable (Safe) Behaviors. The Lists of Acceptable Behavior Will Be Used in Determining Safe Behaviors in the Future. OBSERVING BEHAVIOR Continued To Effectively Observe Behavior: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Establish Criteria For Observations. Observe Workers Frequently at Various Work Times. Observe Workers For a Few Minutes Each Time. Employees Should Know They Are Being Observed. Employees Should Know Their Behavior is Recorded. Know the Safe Behaviors You Are Looking For. Develop a Checklist If Necessary. Constantly Compile and Compare Observations. Follow-up on Observations. OBSERVING BEHAVIOR Continued REMEMBER Someone Is Always New or Young or Unfamiliar With Why They Are Being Observed. Determining Safe Behaviors Is a Never-Ending Process. Your List of Safe Behaviors Will Vary by Job or Department and Will Change As Work Conditions or Equipment Change. OBSERVING BEHAVIOR Continued EXAMPLES OF SAFE BEHAVIORS - FORKLIFT SAFETY • • • • • • • • • • • Approaches load slowly and straight-on Stops when forks are about a foot from load Safely engages pallet Checks mast height for obstructions Slowly/safely picks up load with load against backrest Checks rear for pedestrians, traffic, obstructions Stops when forks are about a foot from load Checks mast height for obstructions Safely raises forks to desired height Safely engages pallet and tilts to safe angle Slowly and safely picks up load and lowers to safe height OBSERVING BEHAVIOR Continued EXAMPLES OF SAFE BEHAVIORS - FORKLIFT SAFETY • • • • • • • • • • • Approaches slowly and straight-on Stops when forks are about a foot from load Checks mast height for obstructions Safely raises forks to desired height Safely drives forward until load is squarely over stack Safely tilts to safe angle and places load on stack Slowly and safely levels forks within inside of pallet Checks rear for pedestrians, traffic, obstructions Slowly and safely backs out and lowers to safe height Plans load route based on current path obstructions Carries load with load tilted back to safe angle BEHAVIOR REINFORCEMENT WHAT IS BEHAVIOR REINFORCEMENT? Reinforcement Is Any Consequence That Increases the Likelihood That the Behavior It Follows Will Occur in the Future. In Other Words, If You Promote a Behavior and Make Someone Feel Good About Performing That Behavior, or Give Them a Reason to Perform That Behavior, Its Occurrence in the Future Will Likely Increase. BEHAVIOR REINFORCEMENT Continued REINFORCEMENT Acceptable Behavior Must Be Constantly Reinforced. Never Miss an Opportunity to Give a Pat on the Back for Acceptable Behavior. People usually Respond to Positive Reinforcement. BEHAVIOR REINFORCEMENT Continued Reinforcement Considerations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Reinforce Frequently, and In Public. Reinforce ONLY for Acceptable Behavior. Reinforce Immediately, Never Wait. Reinforce During the Safe Behavior if Possible. Be Specific About the Reinforced Behavior. Give Non-Verbal Positive Cues. (Nods, Smiles etc.) Be Totally Positive. Be Sincere. People See a Lot, But Don’t Say a Lot. Accentuate The Positive. BEHAVIOR REINFORCEMENT Continued Rewarding For No Accidents. Works For a Determinant Period Only. Once an Accident Occurs, No Incentive Remains. Usefulness Usually Degrades Over a Period of Time. Doesn’t Permanently Alter Unacceptable Behavior. Diminishes Supervisory Control. LOST TIME ACCIDENTS 0 MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES Money and Behavior. Is The Individual Due a Raise? Is a Salary Review Needed For The Job? Is The Amount of “Piecework” Pay Appropriate? Is There a Bonus Program? Are There Monetary Rewards for Safe Behavior? Are There Other Incentive Rewards for Safe Behaviors? Is There a Safety Suggestion Program? HOW MUCH OF A MOTIVATOR IS MONEY? What Else Can You Think Of? MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES Continued Positive Reinforcement and Behavior. This Approach Holds That Individuals Can Be Motivated by Properly Designing Their Work Environment and Praising Their Performance. Holds That: Punishment for Poor Performance Produces Negative Results. Goal Setting With Employee Participation Is Essential. Periodic Re-Evaluation Is Essential. Requires Frequent Work Environment Adjustments. Requires Detailed Planning and Training of Workforce. MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES Continued Employee Participation and Behavior. People Are Motivated by Being Consulted on Actions That Effect Them. People Know Their Jobs. What Safety Program Changes Can They Bring to the Work Environment? People In Many Cases Know the Safety Problems and Safety Solutions. Just Ask. Participation In The Safety Program Satisfies Affiliation and Acceptance Needs. Workers Must Know That Final Decisions Are Reserved to Management. But Tell Them Why! ATTITUDE MOTIVATION CHANGES ATTITUDE AND ATTITUDE DRIVES BEHAVIOR When a Persons Attitude Changes, His or Her Behavior Will Typically Follow. Assuming He or She Has Adequate Knowledge of the Safe Working Conditions in the Work Environment. When You Eliminate Every Other Reason for Unacceptable Behavior, What Is Left It Attitudinal. ATTITUDE IS IMPORTANT SAFETY AS PART OF THE WORK ENVIRONMENT If a Person Understands That His or Her Safety at Work is Controllable in a Measurable Way, Acceptance of Safety as an Essential Part of the Work Environment Will Be Increased. Safe Attitudes and Behaviors Will Naturally Follow. AND! ATTITUDE IS IMPORTANT Continued SAFETY AND PEER SUPPORT Once Safe Attitudes are a Normal Element in the Work Environment, Behavior Will Be Influenced. Then, Peers and Coworkers Expect Each Other To Practice Safety as a Part of Work and Not a Requirement of Work. At This Point Coworkers Will Expect Each Other’s Protection and Accident Rates Will Decrease. ATTITUDE IS IMPORTANT Continued SUSTAINING SAFE BEHAVIOR Management Is Responsible to Promote Safety. Everyone is Responsible For Sustaining a Safe Work Environment. Attitude Is the Key To Sustaining a Safe Work Environment. GOOD ATTITUDE IS PREVENTION “It is estimated that in the United States, 97% of the money spent for medical care is directed toward treatment of an illness, injury or disability. Only 3% is spent on prevention.” Good Attitude = A Healthier Workforce. Self-Help Manual For Your Back H. Duane Saunders, MSPT by Educational Opportunities THE HUMAN FACTOR NO ONE IS AS AN AVERAGE PERSON Rules, Policies, Schedules, Accommodate The Majority. Jobs Etc., Must Focus on The Individual - Try To Please Everyone. Good Behavior Can Be Enhanced By Accommodating The Majority. Please As Many People As Is Practical. Bad Behavior Causation. Should Be Studied To Determine THE HUMAN FACTOR Continued PERSONAL DIGNITY IS CRITICAL TO GOOD BEHAVIOR People Must Be Treated With Respect No Matter What Their Position In the Company. Always Treat People With Respect. Always Treat People Equally. Assume People Will Talk. It Will Keep You Straight. Never Ridicule Good Behavior In Jest. Remember, It Takes Two To Argue. Draw a Line. Walk Away From Conflict, And Address It Later. Argue Constructively If You Must Argue. If Safety Is Critical To The Issue, Stand Your Ground. THE HUMAN FACTOR Continued CONSIDER THE WHOLE PERSON People Are the Sum Total of Their Experience, Combined With Their Genetic Make-up. Reinforce Good Behavior. Discourage Bad Behavior. Learn Your Employees Strengths and Weaknesses. Learn Strengths, Reward Them and Use Them. Learn Weaknesses and Help To Improve Them. Understand That Home Life Can Overflow Into Work. Be Prepared To Deal With Unpredictable Situations. Understand Group Behavior Verses Personal Behavior. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS WHAT IS TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS? Transactional Analysis or TA Was Originated by Eric Berne (Games People Play, New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1964). TA Assumes That Each of Us Reside in a Particular Mental (Ego) State at All Times. These States Are: 1. Parent 2. Adult 3. Child TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS Continued WHY IS TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS IMPORTANT? TA Is Important Because When You Are Interacting With Co-Workers You Can Quickly Recognize Which Ego State They Are Operating in and Then You Can Adjust Your Behavior With the Individual Accordingly. This Will Optimize Your Interaction and Keep the Work Environment Professional and Safe. 1. Parent 2. Adult 3. Child TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS Continued STIMULUS VERSES RESPONSE Effective Use of TA Requires That You Understand the Meaning of “Stimulus” and “Response”. Stimulus: What Is Said or Done to Initiate a Response. Response: Behavior As a Result of Stimulus. Note: All of us interact this way every day. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS Continued CROSSED TRANSACTION Stimulus (SUPERVISOR): Jim, I’ve Got Another Press Down, Get the Work Done on This Press Immediately, I Don’t Care How You Do It. Response (WORKER): I Know What I’m Doing, I Was Working Here When You Were Still in Grade School! Note: Completely Ineffective Transaction. Transaction is Crossed. Each Person Assumes A “Parental” State and Speaks to The Other Persons “Child”. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS Continued P P A A C C 1. Parent 2. Adult CROSSED TRANSACTION NOT VERY EFFECTIVE 3. Child TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS Continued PARALLEL TRANSACTION Stimulus (SUPERVISOR): Jim, Another Press Just Went Down, I’m Concerned About Production. How Long Do You Feel It Will Take to Safely Make Repairs on This Press? Response (WORKER): I Still Have to Replace a Drive Gear. Should Be About 2 Hours. Is the Other Press a Higher Priority Than This One? Note: Each Person Understands The Higher Need. Behavior Is Consistent With Safe Requirements of the Job. Transaction Is “Adult” to “Adult” (Optimal) TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS Continued P P STIMULUS A A RESPONSE C 1. Parent PARALLEL TRANSACTION OPTIMAL C 2. Adult 3. Child TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS Continued DO YOU SEE THE VALUE IN TA? Understanding Which Ego State a Person Is Operating in Will Allow You To Positively Affect Their Behavior. Safety and Professionalism on The Job Can Then Be Improved. Its a Simple Concept, With a Little Practice You Will Be Able to Integrate This Technique Into Your Management Style. Your Personal Life May Also Be Positively Affected. ACCIDENT CAUSATION WHAT CAUSES ACCIDENTS? ? ACCIDENT CAUSATION Continued USE OF A BROKEN LADDER RESULTS IN AN ACCIDENT Contributing Factors Was he or she properly trained? Did the employee know not to use it? Was he or she reminded not to use it? Why did the supervisor allow its use? Did the supervisor examine the job first? Why was the defective ladder not found? Are procedures in place for defective equipment? ACCIDENT CAUSATION Continued Behavioristic Causes Improper attitude. Lack of knowledge or skill. Physical or mental impairment. I’ve Never Been Hurt Before Improper Attitude ACCIDENT CAUSATION Continued Behavioristic Causes Horseplay. Defeating safety devices. Failure to secure or warn. Operating without authority. Working on moving equipment. Taking an unsafe position or posture. Operating or working at an unsafe speed. Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining. Failure to use personal protective equipment. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Continued Unsafe Conditions (Environmental) Improper PPE. Improper tools. Improper guarding. Poor housekeeping. Improper ventilation. Defective equipment. Improper illumination. Unsafe dress or apparel. Hazardous arrangement. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Continued Unsafe Personal Factors Fatigue. Defective hearing. Defective eyesight. Muscular weakness. Lack of required skill. Lack of required knowledge. Intoxication (alcohol, drugs). ACCIDENT CAUSATION Continued Types of Accidents Slip, Trip. Struck by. Overexertion. Struck against. Fall on same level. Fall to different level. Caught in, on, or between. Contact with - heat or cold. Contact with - electric current. Inhalation, absorption, ingestion, poisoning. ACCIDENT CAUSATION Continued When you: Eliminate Unsafe Environmental Conditions. Upgrade Engineering Controls. Optimize Administrative Controls. Provide Adequate Personal Protective Equipment. WHAT’S LEFT? ATTITUDE! ATTITUDE DRIVES BEHAVIOR A WORD OF CAUTION You Can’t Influence Employee Behavior If Contact Is Too Infrequent or Limited. Reinforcement Must Happen Frequently. If Acceptable Behavior Is Not Reinforced As It Happens, and If Corrective Instruction Is Not Direct and Specific, Behavior May Not Be Changed. Also, Responsibility for Safety Is in No Way Shifted Entirely From Management to the Employee. Safety Is Still the Shared Responsibility Between Management and All Other Company Employees.