Transcript Step Up To: Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Psychology, Eighth Edition By David G.

Step Up To: Psychology
by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
Psychology, Eighth Edition
By David G. Myers
Worth Publishers
(2007)
Chapter 6: Perception
Deprivation and
Adaptation
Rules of
Organization
It’s a mirage!
I was expecting
something else!
Imagine that!
It’s a mirage.
500
400
300
200
100
Rules of Organization
500
400
300
200
100
Deprivation and Adaptation
500
400
300
200
100
I was expecting something
else!
500
400
300
200
100
Imagine that!
500
400
300
200
100
1. When two or more lights blink on and
off in quick succession, it gives the
appearance of movement. This is called
the:
•
•
•
•
A) movement illusion.
B) phi phenomenon.
C) visual capture.
D) optical tracking illusion.
2. Even though these two figures are
identical in size, one looks larger due to
the ___ illusion.
•
•
•
•
A) visual capture
B) Müller-Lyer
C) Ponzo
D) parallax
3. The Müller-Lyer illusion is caused
by:
•
•
•
•
A) cultural experience.
B) light and shadow.
C) shape constancy.
D) size constancy.
4. The St. Louis arch appears taller
than it is wide. This is due to:
•
•
•
•
A) relative height.
B) size constancy.
C) shape constancy.
D) nothing, it really is taller.
5. Because of motion parallax, when
you are moving and fixate on
something in the distance:
• A) more distant objects appear to be
standing still.
• B) the fixation point starts to move faster.
• C) it becomes more difficult to stay awake.
• D) closer objects appear to be moving in
the opposite direction.
6. We sometimes reverse images because
of changes in the relationship of:
•
•
•
•
A) light and shadow.
B) figure-ground.
C) size and dimension.
D) connectedness.
7. We see this as two figures together
rather than as many curved and
straight lines because of the rule of:
•
•
•
•
A) connectedness.
B) proximity.
C) continuity.
D) similarity.
8. Relative Clarity helps us to
determine ___ because:
• A) size; clear objects appear larger.
• B) depth; clear objects appear farther.
• C) luminescence; nearer objects are
brighter.
• D) depth; distant objects appear
hazy.
9. If we assume that two objects are similar
in size, the one that casts the smaller
retinal image is assumed to be:
•
•
•
•
A) closer.
B) smaller.
C) farther away.
D) larger.
10. Pablo is a landscape artist who was
known for the depth of his paintings. After
an accident, he had vision only from one
eye. Since then, his paintings:
•
•
•
•
A) will have less depth.
B) will have just as much depth.
C) will have no depth.
D) may have depth but will lack in
accuracy.
11. If a person were to wear glasses
that distorted vision upside down,
that person:
• A) would eventually adapt.
• B) would never adapt.
• C) would have his vision permanently
distorted.
• D) would adapt but now must
always wear the glasses to see.
12. Psychics who claim to be
clairvoyant are able to:
• A) aid police departments in catching
criminals.
• B) locate missing persons.
• C) sense when something bad will
happen.
• D) make many guesses, some of
which may be true.
13. Dave was listening to sad music
when he heard the word, “morning,”
which he mistook for, “mourning.” He
was influenced by:
•
•
•
•
A) clinical depression.
B) context effect.
C) depressogenic schemas.
D) a low level of serotonin.
14. Children who are visually impaired at
birth, but are allowed to see clearly years
later have difficulty perceiving because:
• A) their brains were irreparably
damaged.
• B) they missed a critical period in
visual development.
• C) their eyes have to fully mend.
• D) none of the above.
15. When watching a movie, we see
the actors as moving because:
• A) the film is moving.
• B) the pictures move in front of us.
• C) motion is constructed in our
heads.
• D) of strobe lights.
16. “The whole is greater than the sum of
its parts,” has been most associated with
a:
• A) Clinical psychologist.
• B) Gestalt psychologist.
• C) Cognitive-Behavioral
psychologist.
• D) Perceptual psychologist.
17.Retinal disparity refers to the:
• A) tendency to see parallel lines as coming
together in the distance.
• B) tendency to see stimuli that are near each
other as parts of a unified object.
• C) somewhat different images our two eyes
receive of the same object.
• D) extent to which our eyes turn toward
each other when looking at an object.
18. The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps
in order to perceive disconnected parts as
a whole object is called:
• A) closure.
• B) constancy.
• C) interposition.
• D) convergence.
19. All of the following are
monocular cues of depth perception
except:
•
•
•
•
•
A) motion parallax.
B) linear perspective.
C) convergence.
D) relative height.
E) texture gradient.
20. We perceive the moon on the
horizon as being larger than when it
is overhead because:
• A) it seems farther away on the
horizon.
• B) it seems closer on the horizon.
• C) it seems brighter high in the sky.
• D) it seems brighter on the
horizon.
21. When we expect to see something
because of prior learning experiences,
such as seeing clouds as UFO’s, it is
because of:
•
•
•
•
A) bottom-up processing.
B) previous abductions.
C) hypnotic suggestion.
D) perceptual set.
22. Human factors psychologists
may use a technique called, “natural
mapping,” which is:
• A) drawing a plan of attacking a
problem.
• B) moving your eyes in a repeated
pattern.
• C) arranging controls to make them
easier to understand.
• D) moving in precise directions.
23. Even though a door may reflect quite
a different retinal image when it is open
than when it is closed, we still see it as
the same, rectangular door because of:
•
•
•
•
A) illusory contours.
B) shape constancy.
C) retinal disparity.
D) perceptual closure.
24: The fact that the Amazing Randi
has never paid off on his claim
illustrates that:
• A) while ESP phenomena exist, replicating
them in a laboratory is not possible.
• B) he fails to be convinced even though the
evidence is obvious.
• C) he is a non-believer and a cheapskate.
• D) ESP phenomena have never been
proven to be anything more than
chance events or fakery.
25. As she gazed down from a bridge
at the rapidly flowing river, Nancy felt
as thought she were moving. Her
experience best illustrates the
phenomenon of:
•
•
•
•
A) retinal disparity.
B) perceptual adaptation.
C) location constancy.
D) visual capture.
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. When two or more lights blink on and
off in quick succession, it gives the
appearance of movement. This is called
the:
•
•
•
•
A) movement illusion.
B) phi phenomenon.
C) visual capture.
D) optical tracking illusion.
250
2. Even though these two figures are
identical in size, one looks larger due to
the ___ illusion.
•
•
•
•
A) visual capture
B) Müller-Lyer
C) Ponzo
D) parallax
251
3. The Müller-Lyer illusion is caused
by:
•
•
•
•
A) cultural experience.
B) light and shadow.
C) shape constancy.
D) size constancy.
252
4. The St. Louis arch appears taller
than it is wide. This is due to:
•
•
•
•
A) relative height.
B) size constancy.
C) shape constancy.
D) nothing, it really is taller.
247
5. Because of motion parallax, when
you are moving and fixate on
something in the distance:
• A) more distant objects appear to be
standing still.
• B) the fixation point starts to move faster.
• C) it becomes more difficult to stay awake.
• D) closer objects appear to be moving in
the opposite direction.
248
6. We sometimes reverse images because
of changes in the relationship of:
•
•
•
•
A) light and shadow.
B) figure-ground.
C) size and dimension.
D) connectedness.
243
7. We see this as two figures together
rather than as many curved and
straight lines because of the rule of:
•
•
•
•
A) connectedness.
B) proximity.
C) continuity.
D) similarity.
244
8. Relative Clarity helps us to
determine ___ because:
• A) size; clear objects appear larger.
• B) depth; clear objects appear farther.
• C) luminescence; nearer objects are
brighter.
• D) depth; distant objects appear
hazy.
247
9. If we assume that two objects are similar
in size, the one that casts the smaller
retinal image is assumed to be:
•
•
•
•
A) closer.
B) smaller.
C) farther away.
D) larger.
246
10. Pablo is a landscape artist who was
known for the depth of his paintings. After
an accident, he had vision only from one
eye. Since then, his paintings:
•
•
•
•
A) will have less depth.
B) will have just as much depth.
C) will have no depth.
D) may have depth but will lack in
accuracy.
249
11. If a person were to wear glasses
that distorted vision upside down,
that person:
• A) would eventually adapt.
• B) would never adapt.
• C) would have his vision permanently
distorted.
• D) would adapt but now must
always wear the glasses to see.
256
12. Psychics who claim to be
clairvoyant are able to:
• A) aid police departments in catching
criminals.
• B) locate missing persons.
• C) sense when something bad will
happen.
• D) make many guesses, some of
which may be true.
265
13. Dave was listening to sad music
when he heard the word, “morning,”
which he mistook for, “mourning.” He
was influenced by:
•
•
•
•
A) clinical depression.
B) context effect.
C) depressogenic schemas.
D) a low level of serotonin.
260
14. Children who are visually impaired at
birth, but are allowed to see clearly years
later have difficulty perceiving because:
• A) their brains were irreparably
damaged.
• B) they missed a critical period in
visual development.
• C) their eyes have to fully mend.
• D) none of the above.
255
15. When watching a movie, we see
the actors as moving because:
• A) the film is moving.
• B) the pictures move in front of us.
• C) motion is constructed in our
heads.
• D) of strobe lights.
250
16. “The whole is greater than the sum
of its parts,” has been most associated
with a:
• A) Clinical psychologist.
• B) Gestalt psychologist.
• C) Cognitive-Behavioral
psychologist.
• D) Perceptual psychologist.
243
17.Retinal disparity refers to the:
• A) tendency to see parallel lines as coming
together in the distance.
• B) tendency to see stimuli that are near each
other as parts of a unified object.
• C) somewhat different images our two eyes
receive of the same object.
• D) extent to which our eyes turn toward
each other when looking at an object.
246
18. The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps
in order to perceive disconnected parts as
a whole object is called:
• A) closure.
• B) constancy.
• C) interposition.
• D) convergence.
238
19. All of the following are
monocular cues of depth perception
except:
•
•
•
•
•
A) motion parallax.
B) linear perspective.
C) convergence.
D) relative height.
E) texture gradient.
246
20. We perceive the moon on the
horizon as being larger than when it
is overhead because:
• A) it seems farther away on the
horizon.
• B) it seems closer on the horizon.
• C) it seems brighter high in the sky.
• D) it seems brighter on the
horizon.
251
21. When we expect to see something
because of prior learning experiences,
such as seeing clouds as UFO’s, it is
because of:
•
•
•
•
A) bottom-up processing.
B) previous abductions.
C) hypnotic suggestion.
D) perceptual set.
257
22. Human factors psychologists
may use a technique called, “natural
mapping,” which is:
• A) drawing a plan of attacking a
problem.
• B) moving your eyes in a repeated
pattern.
• C) arranging controls to make them
easier to understand.
• D) moving in precise directions.
262
23. Even though a door may reflect quite
a different retinal image when it is open
than when it is closed, we still see it as
the same, rectangular door because of:
•
•
•
•
A) illusory contours.
B) shape constancy.
C) retinal disparity.
D) perceptual closure.
250
24: The fact that the Amazing Randi
has never paid off on his claim
illustrates that:
• A) while ESP phenomena exist, replicating them
in a laboratory is not possible.
• B) he fails to be convinced even though the
evidence is obvious.
• C) he is a non-believer and a cheapskate.
• D) ESP phenomena have never been
proven to be anything more than chance
events or fakery.
267
25. As she gazed down from a bridge
at the rapidly flowing river, Nancy felt
as thought she were moving. Her
experience best illustrates the
phenomenon of:
•
•
•
•
A) retinal disparity.
B) perceptual adaptation.
C) location constancy.
D) visual capture.
242
Acknowledgements
• Step Up Created by:
– John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Based on Psychology,
Eighth Edition
• By David G. Myers
• Published by
• Worth Publishers
(2007)
Answers
1.
B
9.
C
17.
C
2.
C
10.
B
18.
A
3.
A
11.
A
19.
C
4.
A
12.
D
20.
A
5.
D
13.
B
21.
D
6.
B
14.
B
22.
C
7.
C
15.
C
23.
B
8.
D
16.
B
24.
D
25.
D