CMS and “Hidden Valleys” Phenomenology, Potential Pitfalls, and Event Generation Matthew Strassler, University of Washington.
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Transcript CMS and “Hidden Valleys” Phenomenology, Potential Pitfalls, and Event Generation Matthew Strassler, University of Washington.
CMS and “Hidden Valleys”
Phenomenology, Potential Pitfalls, and Event
Generation
Matthew Strassler,
University of Washington
1
Hidden Valley Papers and Website
hep-ph/0604261 : Echoes of a hidden valley at hadron colliders.
(with Kathryn Zurek)
hep-ph/0605193 : Discovering the Higgs through highly-displaced vertices.
(with Kathryn Zurek)
Other relevant papers with similar phenomenology
Example mentioned in hep-ph/0511250, Naturalness and Higgs decays in the MSSM
with a singlet. Chang, Fox and Weiner
hep-ph/0607204 : Reduced fine-tuning in supersymmetry with R-parity violation.
Carpenter, Kaplan and Rhee
hep-ph/0607160 : Possible effects of a hidden valley on SUSY phenomenology.
Hidden Valley Website: http://www.phys.washington.edu/~strasslr/hv/hv.htm
Papers
Talks
Benchmark Models (preliminary)
Event Generator (preliminary)
2
What is a hidden valley, and should
CMS experimentalists care?
It is almost 2007; time is running out!
There is no time to waste on theorists’ models unless they
Are consistent with existing experiments
Are well-motivated theoretically
Give signatures not currently covered by existing CMS studies
Affect CMS experiment in ways that must be dealt with NOW!
Impact HLT architecture
Impact basic reconstruction algorithms
Impact quality control filtering
I will first argue that hidden valley models satisfy the first three criteria
I will then suggest that some h.v. models (and models with related phenomenology)
may satisfy the last criterion
Very preliminary ATLAS discussions suggest there are gaps in their trigger strategy
that it may in some cases be possible to close
3
Hidden Valley Models (w/ K. Zurek)
April 06
Basic minimal structure
Communicator
Standard Model
SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1)
Hidden Valley
Gv with v-matter
4
Energy
A Conceptual Diagram
5
Inaccessibility
Hidden Valley Models (w/ K. Zurek)
Basic minimal structure
Z’, Higgs, LSP, sterile neutrinos, loops of
charged particles,…
Communicator
Standard Model
SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1)
Hidden Valley
Gv with v-matter
Limited only by your imagination (?)…
6
What kind of things might happen?
Imagine you can only measure leptons, photons, and
have never seen a hadron
Now turn on LEP: you discover all of QCD in one
experiment…
Pions – light, some long-lived
Kaons – light, some long-lived, sometimes decay to pions
Short-lived resonances – rho, omega, phi
D and B mesons – heavy, long-lived
Quarkonium states
Nucleons – (effectively) stable
Jets of hadrons
7
What kind of things might happen?
This could happen to us when we turn on the LHC…
A hidden valley involves a new (mostly or all neutral) “valley sector” or “v-sector”
Strong dynamics and/or cascade decays often occur in valley
Many new “v-particles” (2? 5? 30?)
With range of masses (1 GeV? 10 GeV? 100 GeV? 1 TeV?)
And range of lifetimes (fs? ps? ns? ms?)
May lead to high- or very-high-multiplicity events, very active
Example: 14 b quarks and 2 taus, plus MET
Example: 6 light quarks, 2 b quarks, 2 muons
Variety of lifetimes for the many new particles
Implies reasonable probability of some events with long-lived particle decays
Long-lived particles may be light, not produced at threshold, so not necessarily slow
Example: event with four jets, one jet-pair appearing at 30 cm from primary vertex
Example: event with 4 jet-pairs and a mu-pair appearing at different places in detector
8
What kind of things might happen?
This could happen to us when we turn on the LHC…
A hidden valley involves a new (mostly or all neutral) “valley sector” or “v-sector”
Strong dynamics and/or cascade decays often occur in valley
Many new “v-particles” (2? 5? 30?)
With range of masses (1 GeV? 10 GeV? 100 GeV? 1 TeV?)
And range of lifetimes (fs? ps? ns? ms?)
May lead to high- or very-high-multiplicity events, very active
Example: 14 b quarks and 2 taus, plus MET
Example: 6 light quarks, 2 b quarks, 2 muons
Question: how will jets reconstruction, tau/mu/e isolation work at trigger level?
Variety of lifetimes for the many new particles
Implies reasonable probability of some events with long-lived particle decays
Long-lived particles may be light, not produced at threshold, so not necessarily slow
Example: event with four jets, one jet-pair appearing at 30 cm from primary vertex
Example: event with 4 jet-pairs and a mu-pair appearing at different places in detector
Question: “quality” of displaced objects may appear to be poor; will HLT discard the event?
9
MOTIVATION
SUSY
Extra Dims
Little
Higgs
Hidden Valley
Solution to
Hierarchy Problem
Yes
Warped, yes
No, merely
delays
Not usually, but can coexist
with any known solution
also twin Higgs, folded SUSY
Common within
String Theory?
Yes
Yes(?)
No?
Yes
Contraints from
Precision EW?
Weak
Strong
Strong
Very Weak
Constraints from
FCNCs?
Strong
Strong
Strong
Very Weak
Yes
Some models
Yes
Yes
Masses on new
exotic particles?
> 50-100 GeV
100s GeV
100s GeV
> few GeV
Cross-Sections
Typically large
(new colored
particles)
UED: large,
Warped: small
Moderate
Typically small (no new
colored particles); depends
on production mechanism
Phenomenology
Diverse:
high pT jets,
MET, leptons,
stable or
unstable LSP
Diverse;
UED similar to
SUSY; MET;
warped gives
electroweak
resonances
Diverse,
similar to
SUSY, or
electroweak
resonances;
tops
Extremely Diverse,
can be very different from
SUSY; typically no production
resonances;
and can change the 10
signatures of SUSY etc.
Can Provide Dark
Matter Candidate?
MOTIVATION
SUSY
Extra Dims
Little
Higgs
Hidden Valley
Solution to
Hierarchy Problem
Yes
Warped, yes
No, merely
delays
Not usually, but can coexist
with any known solution
Theoretically
Motivated
No?
Common within
String Theory?
Yes
Yes(?)
Contraints from
Precision EW?
Weak
Strong
Constraints from
FCNCs?
Strong
Strong
Yes
Some models
Can Provide Dark
Matter Candidate?
Masses on new
exotic particles?
Cross-Sections
Phenomenology
> 50-100 GeV
Strong
Consistent with
Experiment
Strong
Yes
100s GeV
100s GeV
Might not always be able to afford
low-efficiency trigger strategies
Typically large
UED:
Moderate
that
relylarge,
on existing triggers
(new colored
Warped: small
particles)
Extends beyond
Diverse:
Diverse; existingDiverse,
studies
similar to
high pT jets,
UED similar to
SUSY, or
MET, leptons,
SUSY; MET;
electroweak
stable or
Might cause
for
warped
gives problems
resonances;
unstable LSP
existing trigger strategies
electroweak
tops
resonances
also twin Higgs, folded SUSY
Yes
Very Weak
Very Weak
Yes
> few GeV
Typically small (no new
colored particles); depends
on production mechanism
Extremely Diverse,
can be very different from
SUSY; typically no production
resonances;
and can change the 11
signatures of SUSY etc.
Too many possibilities to handle?
The number of possible v-sectors is huge, their phenomenology enormously variable
Can the trigger be made efficient for the majority of those which could in principle
be observed at the LHC?
Clearly the only way to find out is to explore the space of possibilities intelligently.
This can be done with
Benchmark models appropriate for stress-testing the CMS trigger system will
need to be chosen
a series of benchmark hidden-valley-type models chosen to systematically
challenge the trigger system
event generation programs that can simulate these models
need collaboration of CMS trigger experts w/ theorists
Good News:
For some models, event generation is possible NOW!
For many other models, event generation will be possible very soon
12
Some examples:
Let’s consider a handful of the many possibilities
Higgs decays to two [or more] long-lived particles
Z’ decays to the v-sector:
Aside on classes of possible decays of new particles
Final state with many particles, possibly long-lived
LSP decays to the v-sector
Degradation of MET signal
Wide array of complex final states
Quick look at the signature and possible trigger issues
Apology in advance!
I am just learning now the CMS experiment’s proposed trigger
strategies and hardware constraints
All of the remarks below are preliminary and some have not been
vetted by CMS experts; many of them will surely turn out to be
misguided
Hopefully some of them will be useful, or at least thought-provoking
Thanks to Maria Spiropulu, Greg Landsberg, Chris Tully for discussions
13
Higgs decays to the v-sector
w/ K Zurek, May 06
b
g
h
hv
b
b
g
v-particles
b
mixing
Dermasek and Gunion 04-06 h aa bb bb, bb tt,
tt tt, etc. and much follow up work by many authors
See
14
Higgs decays to the v-sector
Displaced vertex
g
w/ K Zurek, May 06
b
h
hv
b
b
g
v-particles
mixing
b
Displaced vertex
15
A Higgs Decay to four b’s
Schematic; not a
simulated event!
16
Higgs decays to displaced vertices
Actually something like this can happen in many models
At least one already appeared in the past, though implications for discovery at
Tevatron/LHC seem to have been missed
hep-ph/0511250 : Chang, Fox and Weiner
Zurek and I wrote down another class, in addition to hidden valley models
New examples recently involving R-parity-violating SUSY
hep-ph/0607204 : Carpenter, Kaplan and Rhee
This can be a discovery channel!
For light higgs Br could be 1, 10, 100 %
For Higgs ~ 160-180 GeV
No Backgrounds! Easier than tau tau, gamma gamma?!
Br could be only a few times smaller than Br(hWWdilepton)
It has no SM background, unlike h WW!
Could it even beat ZZ? Probably not; needs high trigger efficiency…
For elusive A0 (CP-odd Higgs) discovery channel even if Br is small; Br could be 1, 10,
100 %
Let’s consider a couple of classes of events
17
A Higgs Decay to four b’s
Schematic; not a
simulated event!
4 b’s few percent pass Level 1 dimuon
HLT
Fail mu isolation?
Fail mu tracking?
Fail b tagging?
Fail quality control filters?
18
A Higgs Decay to two b’s, two taus
Schematic; not a
simulated event!
2 b’s 2 taus ~10% pass Level 1 dimuon
Tau “volunteer”?
HLT
Fail mu tracking?
Fail tau tracking?
Fail b tagging?
Fail quality control filters?
t
tm
19
A Higgs Decay to two jets, two mus
(Occurs in another class of models from previous case)
Schematic; not a
simulated event!
2 jets, 2 ms pass Level 1 dimuon
HLT
Fail mu tracking?
Fail b tagging?
Fail quality control filters?
m
m
20
Efficiently trigger on these events?
Displaced dimuon:
Outside-in tracking from muon system might be used to detect that two
muon tracks may cross somewhere far from primary vertex
Possible intersection detected? Then search for vertex in tracker.
Can something like this work for displaced taus also?
Assume one tau decays to muon…
Can one use pointing pi-zeros to estimate direction of other tau?
Ideas developed
in discussions
with Andy Haas,
D0; Stefano
Giagu, ATLAS;
Chris Tully, CMS
Displaced jet pairs are trickier:
If jet pair in HCAL then ECAL/HCAL energy ratio anomalously small
If jet pair in outer HCAL then muon hits, strange HCAL deposition
If jet pair is in inner tracker – write b-trigger algorithm so as not to reject!
Cosmic/Punchthrough bkgds – L1 issues? HLT: may need some cuts
Need to cut down on pion-nucleus collisions in solid material.
If jet pair in outer tracker…??? –
if b-trigger is activated, find no stiff pixel tracks…?
21
Higgs decay (CP-odd, 200 GeV 40 GeV)
Andy Haas –
DZero can trigger on soft
muons from b decays.
In the inner tracker DZero
can see the primary,
secondary, and tertiary
vertices! This significantly
reduces backgrounds and
may allow use of events
where only one displaced
decay to bb is observed.
Note pixel detector alone cannot
find tracks in upper right.
22
Can quick/dirty tracking help?
Possible algorithm for events with displaced jets
Take leading jet and apply b-trigger
Highly displaced vertex found? Keep event.
B-vertex found? Follow b-vertex trigger path.
No tracks found? Apply b-trigger to next jet.
Highly displaced vertex found? Keep event.
B-vertex found? Follow b-vertex trigger path.
No tracks found? Check tracker is working.
If so, either keep event
or do special purpose tracking to look for highly displaced
vertex in outer tracker?
look for odd pattern of hits in outer tracker?
use shape of jet in HCAL/ECAL as clue, …?
23
Can the whole trigger break down?
Overall event issues:
Is Primary Vertex difficult to identify?
If so, might this ruin all tracking?
Would quality of the objects or of the entire event be too low to pass HLT?
Can one trigger on events passing multiple L1 triggers paths but failing in
unusual (and perhaps correlated) ways at HLT?
Last Resort Trigger:
before final rejection, check HLT decisions for multiple unusual failure
modes or multiple odd-looking objects
Useful way to track common detector/trigger failure modes
Can be adjusted over time so that only uncommon failures trigger
Useful long-term strategy for allowing sensitivity to surprising physics
Thanks Greg Landsberg for discussions
24
Let’s think more generally
Suppose h X X:
What can X decay to?
Two body X f f [like K m n ]
Flavor-democratic
Heavy-flavor-weighted
Xgg
Three body X f f Y
X b b, X t t
Gluonic
X q q, X b b, X n n, X e e, X m m, X t t
[like K e n p ]
Flavor-democratic
Heavy-flavor-weighted
Gluonic
Multi-body: X Y Y Y, then Y f f [like K ppp decay]
May be worth going through possibilities systematically to ensure the trigger can
handle them all with reasonable efficiency
25
Bigger Challenges
What if h XX (gg)(gg)
Now the L1 trigger path is not clear; too few electrons, muons, taus
Maybe only detect with recoiling jet, vector boson fusion, associated W
or Z?
To lower threshold, might need algorithm (such as suggested earlier) to
look for jets with displaced vertices or no tracks
What if h X X Y Y Y Y (bb)(bb)(bb)(bb)
B’s will not make jets; soft dimuons may not even pass L1
If decays are prompt, then
Prompt? Chang, Fox, Weiner 05
even offline, danger of losing higgs in underlying event
Almost certainly have to trigger on vector boson fusion jets, or on
lepton from Wh, Zh.
If X or Y decays are displaced, then
possibility of using tracking offline;
any chance of triggering on the vertices?
26
Event Generation
A wide variety of scenarios in which to test out the limitations of current
CMS trigger strategies.
Studies of detector response to these scenarios can be started now.
Generally trivial to modify Pythia to allow all these h, A0 decays.
Can vary masses, lifetimes, branching ratios, decay modes at will
Care needed for spin, color flow
This approach is being used for studies of Higgs displaced vertices at
D0, CDF, LHCb, ATLAS
A small caution: GEANT has limitations
For example, presumably does not treat B mesons in material correctly
Might be worthwhile to develop extensive list of trigger-oriented
benchmarks, associated Pythia cards
27
High-Multiplicity Events
Let’s consider a simple model:
The v-sector consists of a QCD-like theory
The communicator is a Z’
An example is in the new MC package.
New Z’ from
U(1)’
Standard Model
SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1)
Hidden Valley
v-QCD-like theory
with v-quarks
and v-gluons
28
q q Q Q : v-quark production
v-quarks
q
q
Q
Z’
Q
29
qqQQ
v-gluons
q
q
Q
Z’
Q
30
qqQQ
q
q
Z’
Q
Q
31
qqQQ
q
Z’
q
v-hadrons
Q
Q
32
qqQQ
v-hadrons
q
q
Z’
Q
Q
33
qqQQ
Some v-hadrons are
stable and therefore
invisible
v-hadrons
q
q
Z’
Q
Q
But some vhadrons decay
in the detector
to visible
particles, such
as bb pairs, tau
pairs, etc.
34
Production Rates for v-Hadrons
Easily differs from
model to model by
factors of 10
Cannot afford
low-efficiency
trigger
35
Triggering:
Summed-ET or HT, plus MET
3 TeV Z’
60 GeV v-pions
MET in GeV
Should not be a
1000
problem in this kind of
model
The Z’ kicks lots of
energy sidewise
(big HT)
Some v-hadrons are
usually invisible or
metastable (big MET)
1000
2000
Jet HT in GeV
36
But it could be a bit more subtle…
Even without displaced vertices, some subtleties/issues in high-multiplicity
environment
Despite large number of partons, number of jets is often small
Jets will have strange substructure
loss of efficiency for tau-, mu-, e-isolation requirement
Sometimes a jet contains 5 b-partons, 30 tracks
Response of L1 and HLT jet-related triggers (including “HT” trigger) may be
surprising; worth a look
Busy events with substantial activity
Parton merging
Parton soft hadrons
Jet merging algorithm
does tracking and/or vertexing lose its efficiency?
Many Soft Particles
Can one trigger on (or integrate into a trigger) a strange distribution of soft
particles – a weird-looking underlying event ?
Useful for measuring tails on underlying event distribution?
Distinguish weird UE from new physics? [theory/MC/data challenge]
37
What if low HT/MET?
In some extreme cases both HT and observed MET (<HT) are small
Example: Suppose only 2 v-hadrons decay in detector, but displaced
If most v-hadrons invisible or have lifetimes > nsec, then fraction decaying in detector
may be small
If Z’ is very weakly coupled and very light, then v-hadrons softer (but lower multiplicity
expected)
Not so different from Higgs decay; may be acoplanar and/or more energetic
Solving trigger issues for Higgs decays probably covers this case…?
Example: 4 v-hadron decays, 1 in muon chamber, 2 in HCAL, 1 in outer tracker
Moderate HT, MET;
No tracks reconstructed;
Poor quality on two jets;
One strange muon chamber event
Will this event fail quality control?
Example: 3 v-hadrons decay promptly to b-quark pairs
Moderate HT, MET; 3-6 jets
Depend on (nonisolated) muons
Taus could help too
Really need b-tagging to beat backgrounds
38
Simulation package
These ideas can be checked using a simulation package that I
have written
simple modification of Pythia, easy to understand
It simulates Z’ decays to a two-quark-flavor v-QCD model
produces standard Les Houches Accord output
or particle-level output
It can simulate a variant of the model
It will soon be able to do many more v-sector models.
working w/ S. Mrenna, P. Skands
39
July 06
SUSY decays to the v-sector
~
q
g
Q*
c
~
q
Q
v-(s)hadrons
v-(s)quarks
_
g
Q
~
q*
c
_
q
~
Q
If the standard model LSP is heavier than the
v-sector LSP,then the former will decay to the latter
(a v-squark or v-gluino in simplest models)
The traditional missing energy signal is replaced with
multiple soft jets, reduced missing energy, and possibly
multiple displaced vertices
Many possibilities!!!
40
The decaying Standard Model LSP
Note SM LSP no longer has to be a neutralino.
There are various possibilities
Cases similar to second possibility have been considered widely in theoretical
literature, much less by expts at Tevatron and LHC
All decays are prompt
SM LSP decays with a displaced vertex to promptly decaying v-particles
SM LSP decays promptly to long-lived v-particles
Both SM LSP and v-particles have displaced decays
Neutralino photon + invisible widely studied
Long-lived stau LSP (stable or decaying in detector) studied
Long-lived gluino (exiting detector) studied
Neutralino Z + invisible or h + invisible (displaced jets, muons) not studied (?)
Long-lived gluon or squark (decaying in detector to displaced jets) not studied (?)
Etc.
But the other possibilities are new and might need to be looked at.
41
Triggering for decaying SM LSP?
Main SUSY cascade decays are unaltered until the last step
Traditional high-pT triggers aimed at SUSY will probably still work
Degradation of MET signal will hurt trigger efficiency, but probably not disastrous
If SM LSP is a stau, then each event will still have two taus – a SUSY-tagging signal
Easy if the taus are promptly produced,
Only slightly more difficult if they are produced at a displaced vertex
What if no displaced vertices, very little MET?
Displaced vertices could be found offline, if they are present
If no displaced vertices, the problem is not triggering but background subtraction offline –
Theoretical study needed.
then the large number of soft partons will have to be used somehow to separate from the SM
but this will probably be an offline issue, not a trigger issue
High-mass SUSY; low rates, few jets?
Ability to detect LSP pair-production, electroweak pair-production could be important
Displaced vertices could be essential; trigger strategies probably similar to Higgs case
Extra leptons and MET obviously would help trigger
Without displaced vertices – very challenging to remove SM background.
Theoretical study needed.
42
Simulation package
These ideas can be checked using a simulation package that I
have written
simple modification of Pythia, easy to understand
It simulates Z’ decays to a two-quark-flavor v-QCD model
produces standard Les Houches Accord output
or particle-level output
It can simulate a variant of the model
It will soon be able to do many more v-sector models.
working w/ S. Mrenna, P. Skands
It will soon be able to do SUSY with LSP decays
to the two-flavor v-QCD model,
and eventually to other v-sector models.
43
Summary and Outlook
Considered candidate scenarios with hidden-valley or hidden-valley-like physics
Focused on trigger, especially displaced vertices, where tracking and other algorithms could fail
Discussed three examples
Many possible Higgs decays can be quite challenging for the trigger;
Perhaps useful to explore systematically
The Z’ and LSP decays are probably relatively easy to trigger on –
Higgs decays to displaced vertices [moderate rate, low pT]
Z’ decays to high multiplicity events, possibly displaced vertices [low rate, high pT]
LSP decays to moderate multiplicity, possibly displaced vertices [high rate, moderate pT]
High multiplicity environment could cause surprising behavior in L1 and HLT
If low HT/MET and displaced vertices, problems may be similar to those of Higgs decays
If low HT/MET and decays are prompt, an interesting challenge is to somehow use the moderateto-soft partons – needs much more study – may not be possible
Of these scenarios,
The Higgs can be simulated in depth now
The Z’ can be simulated in some examples now, more soon
The LSP decay scenario will be simulable soon
Other scenarios will become available later
44