Transcript HINARI/E-Resources and Internet Searching (module 1.2) MODULE 1.2 E-Resources and Internet Searching Instructions - This part of the: course is a PowerPoint demonstration intended to introduce.

HINARI/E-Resources and
Internet Searching
(module 1.2)
MODULE 1.2
E-Resources and Internet Searching
Instructions - This part of the:
course is a PowerPoint demonstration intended
to introduce you to E-Resources and Internet
Searching.
module is off-line and is intended as an
information resource for reference use.
Table of Contents
 E-resources
 Use of E-resources
 Types of Information/E-Journals and
Journal Impact Factor
 Gateways, Databases and Search Engines
 Open Access and DSpace
 Searching techniques and strategies
 Boolean searching
 Advanced searching
Why Use E-Resources?
• An up-to-date resource
• Convenience
• Extra features—e.g. search facilities, links
to other databases, supplementary
information
• Access to a wider range of material than
might otherwise be available within the
local medical library
Electronic Library Resources
• Any library or information resources that
can be accessed electronically, e.g.
– electronic journals
– scholarly databases
– electronic books
– hybrid digital collections
– Internet gateways and search engines
• Free or fee-based access
Electronic Journal Formats
• Full-text/whole journal available
– Electronic version of print
– Electronic only
• Partial full-text/selected articles only
• Table of contents/citations/abstracts only
• Citations only
Source of the previous three slides is the INASP Training
materials on Electronic Library Resources
http://www.inasp.info/training/ejournals/
Open Access Journals
• ‘Open Access’ (OA) journals are scholarly
journals that are available without financial or
technical barriers other than Internet access
• Articles either are directly accessible from the
publisher (e.g. PLOS – OA Gold) or archived
in a repository (e.g. PubMed Central – OA
Green)
• In most cases, the copyright is owned by the
author, not the publisher (Creative Commons
copyright licensing)
• Some OA journals are subsidized by
academic or governmental institutions
OA Journal Options
• ‘Non-fee based OA journals’ – 66.4 of OA journals
oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_by_the_numbers 03 Jan
2014
• ‘Fee-based OA journals’ require payment by the author often paid by a grant or institution;
– these OA journals accept articles from authors in lowincome countries; the number varies from journal to
journal; peer-reviewers (theoretically) do not know if
authors have requested fee waivers
• ‘Delayed open access journals’ where the articles are
available between 6 – 24 months
• ‘Hybrid open access journals’ contain some current
articles that are free access (e.g. The Lancet)
Sponsored by several governments, GOAP is
a current snapshot of the status of Open
Access (OA) to scientific information around
the world. It is organized by region, funding
mandates, key organizations, thematic areas
plus OA news articles and key publications.
The Advanced Search page
of the Directory of Open
Access Journals (DOAJ) .
It is the key gateway to
almost 10,000 OA journals
Developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
DSPACE (www.dspace.org) is a software to build open
access repositories - for academic and non-profit
organizations . The software is free/downloadable from this
site, can be installed ‘out of the box’ and customized locally.
From this DSPACE page, you can
download the software and
documentation plus learn about new
features and improvements.
This is the initial page of the DSpace at the
University of West Indies repository. The site is
organized ‘Communities’ and there is a keyword
search engine and other browse options.
Note that there is a link to Journals Permitting
Archival of Preprints of Published Papers.
We have displayed the Faculty of Medical Sciences
Community home page. Note the various Subcommunities and Recent Submissions.
We have displayed the College of Medical
Sciences Community home page from the
University of Makerere, Uganda. Note the
similar Collections and Sub-communities.
We have displayed the egranary home page. This is a
tool for building a digital library that captures
information from the Internet and stores it locally. The
project is a useful option for low-bandwidth institutions
and has been installed in 700+ organizations.
Types of Electronic Journals
• Academic
– Refereed journals
– Review journals
– Bulletins
• Non-academic
– Magazines
– Newspapers
Refereed journals
Example: Social Science & Medicine
• Used to:
– disseminate research findings
– find out about research by others in your field
– identify methodologies for your own work
• Features
–
–
–
–
written by researchers and experts
aimed at researchers and experts
articles always cite sources
peer reviewed
• Strengths/weaknesses
– high-quality, reliable information
– may be slow to be published due to review process
– often fee-based access/may be available via HINARI
Review journals
Example: Reviews in Medical Virology
• Used to
– give an overview of the current literature in a specific
research area or discipline
• Features
– give an overview of the current literature in a specific
research area or discipline
– titles usually contain ‘Review’, ‘Reviews’, ‘Advances
in’, ‘Current opinion in’, ‘Progress in’, ‘Trends in’
– have already done much of the literature searching for
you
Bulletins
Example: Bulletin of the World Health Organization
• Used for:
– making announcements to a specific audience
– up-to-date information in a very specific area
• Features
– written by in-house staff, or staff writers
– may be issued as required, sometimes intermittently
– contain short reports
• Strengths/weaknesses
– very up-to-date
– standard very variable
Journal Impact Factor
• calculated yearly for journals indexed in Thomson’s
Journal Citation Reports
• is a measure reflecting the average number of
citations to articles published in science and social
science journals
• used as a measure for the relative importance of a
journal within its field; journals with higher impact
factors are deemed to be more important than those
with lower ones
• #s vary widely among fields; the ‘narrower’ the field,
the lower the impact factor of journals tends to be
Impact Factor for a 2010 journal
Is the average number of times published papers
‘are cited’ up to two years after publication
A = the number of times articles published in 2008-9
were cited in indexed journals during 2010
B = the number of ‘citable items’ published in 20082009 within a discipline; citable items are usually
articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials
or Letters-to-the-Editor
impact factor 2010 = A/B ( published in 2011)
Journal Impact Factor - Issues
• Percentage of total citations occurring in the first
two years after publication varies highly among
discipline (higher in biological sciences)
• Citations to an article often are made in papers
written by the author(s) of the original article
• Journal can adopt editorial policies that increase its
impact factor eg editorials (not citable) vs. short
original articles (citable); review articles are cited
more often
• Impact Factor scores can ‘influence’ promotion and
tenure at universities throughout the world
Non-academic resources
• Magazines
– Entertainment, information about popular culture,
product information
– Easy to read, entertaining, information is
lightweight and not always reliable
• Newspapers
– Up-to-the minute information, current affairs,
debate
– Can be valuable sources of certain kinds of
information but inherent problems of all
newspapers
Internet Search tools
• Which search tools are needed?
– Gateways
– Databases
– Search Engines
Gateway
• a node or network that serves as an entrance
to another network
• organize information in a structured way in
general or subject categories
• examples:
– Yahoo www.yahoo.com
– WHO A-Z health topics list
www.who.int/topics/en/
– Essential Health Links
www.healthnet.org/essential-links/
– HINARI/AGORA/OARE
Database
• a collection of information organized in
such a way that a computer can quickly
select desired pieces of data
• an electronic filing system
• traditional databases are organized by
fields, records and files
• example:
PubMed - a free search tool to over 19
million citations
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed
Search Engine
• a program that searches documents for specified
keywords and returns a list of documents where
the keywords were found
• on the WWW, utilizes automated robotics to
gather and index information
• examples
• Google www.google.com
• Google Scholar (more academic)
www.scholar.google.com
• Yahoo www.yahoo.com
The Google search engine
This is the Google search engine. Type
your query into the Google Search box
and click on the Google Search button.
Search results on Google
This is how Google presents the results
of your HINARI search. Follow the
links to the websites you wish to visit.
Open Module 1.2 Google Appendix Tips
on Searching (the Internet) – for further
suggestions on using Google and Scholar.
Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly
search for scholarly literature. You can search across
many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers,
theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic
publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories,
universities and other scholarly organizations.
HINARI INARI HINARI1`
In Google Scholar, the HINARI results are
either an article about the program or one
with HINARI being the author’s name.
We have displayed the Advanced
Scholar Search option of Google
Scholar. Note the various options for
refining a search and also that you can
change the number of results per page.
Google (search engine)
Advantages
• Searches articles,
books and
webpages
• Has advanced
search options
• Can limit search by
dates, document
types, language,
domain and more
Disadvantages
• No indexing terms
• Huge retrieval of almost
any topic
• No ability to select
citations for downloading
or printing
• Built in relevancy ranking
based on times cited
• Cannot limit to journal
articles
Google Scholar (search engine)
Advantages
• Searches journals,
books and more
academic sources
• Can download
individual citations into
bibliographic managers
• Contains citing
information with links to
sources citing a specific
term
Disadvantages
• No indexing terms
• Huge retrieval of
almost any topic
• No ability to select
citations for
downloading or
printing
• Built in relevancy
ranking based on
times cited that…
• May result in bias
toward older literature
PubMed (database)
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Well indexed using
Medical Subject Headings • Access limited almost
(MeSH)
exclusively to basic
• Can 'explode' terms
and health sciences
• Contains 5,419 current
journals in health sciences
journals that are
indexed in the
database
• Includes citations of ejournals prior to publication • Does not search fulltext of articles
• Can download info to
bibliographic managers
• Can select citations to
download or print
Search: hospital infections
and developing countries
(performed 03 January 2013)
• Google: 29,800,000 citations; first citation –
December 2010; World Health Organization
www.who.int/gpsc/country_work/burden_hcai/en
in 1st 100 articles, no 2013 citations listed
• Google Scholar: 714,000 citations; first citation
– March 2005; The Lancet
#6 citations published in 2013
• PubMed: 4523; first citation – December 2013;
Current Pharmacological Biotechnology;
articles ‘sorted by recently added’ date
Why Search Strategy is Important?
• Health care includes the provision of information to
consumers or professionals (reliable, accurate, up-todate)
• Information explosion- billions of documents in the
WWW; hard to find the ‘needle in the hay stack’ and
know which source is best for a specific situation;
• Evidence-Based Practice - clinicians are not using
enough evidence in practice
• Systematic search strategy should be adopted when
dealing with clinical questions to avoid ‘information
malpractice’
Example (Steps 1-4)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ask: What health problems are associated with water pollution?
Need: scholarly primary research
Main Concepts: health, water, pollution
Select terms:
– Broader terms: ‘health’, environmental degradation’,
‘agricultural management’,
– Synonyms:
health, illness, disease, etc.
water, rivers, lakes, sea, domestic water, etc.
pollution, ‘oil spills’, chemical, biological, toxicity, etc
– Alternative spellings: none
– Plurals: river(s), lake(s), disease(s)
– Capitals: e.g. name of a specific lake, disease, region
Types Source
Select a Source (Step 5)
Tertiary Sources
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Easy access
Lag Time
Ease of use
Outdated
Concise
Incomplete information
Relatively inexpensive
Incorrect interpretation
Secondary Sources
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Rapid access to the primary literature
Lag time
Generally high standard journals
Command language varies
Ability to perform complex searches
Proficient search skills are needed
Routine updates on selected topics
(alerts)
Can be expensive
Primary Sources
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Original data
Large volume data
Unbiased information
Time consuming
Search Construction
Boolean (Search) Operators
• Connect terms and locate records
containing matching terms
• Inserted in a search box – AND, OR, NOT
• Must be in UPPERCASE when used
• AND, NOT operators are processed in a
left- to right sequence. These are
processed first before the OR operators
• OR operators are also processed from leftto-right
AND Operator
(to combine two concepts and
narrow a search)
the AND operator is used to combine two
concepts e.g. hip AND fracture – in the
shaded area; retrieves items containing all
the search terms
AND Operator
(to combine three concepts)
the AND operator is used to combine three
concepts e.g. hip AND fracture AND elderly –
in the shaded area.
OR Operator
(info containing one or other term;
will broaden a search)
renal OR kidney – in the shaded area with the
overlap in the middle having both search terms;
retrieves items containing either search term or
both search terms
NOT Operator
(in one term or the other - will
narrow a search)
pig NOT guinea – in the shaded area;
eliminates items in 2nd term (guinea) or both
terms
Other search engine functions
• Phrase or proximity searching: “…” or (…)
– allows you to search for an exact phrase
“information literacy”
prevention and (malaria parasite)
• Truncation/wildcards: * or $
– allow you to search alternative spellings
child* for child OR childs OR children
parasite* for parasite OR parasites
• Alternate spellings: ?
– can be used to substitute for characters anywhere
in a word
wom?n would search for “woman” and “women”
Africa AND (HIV OR tuberculosis)
HIV
tuberculosis
Africa
Africa AND (HIV or tuberculosis) – in the shaded area
The (OR) operator retains items in each term and the AND
operator is used to combine two concepts
More Search Techniques
• Field Specific Searching
– author, title, journal, date, url, etc.
• Language Restrictions, Humans or Animals, Gender and
other limits
(to be discussed in Module 4.2 – PubMed LIMITS)
• Relevancy Ranking
– a grading that gives extra weight to a document when
the search terms appear in the headline or are
capitalized
– every found document is calculated as 100% multiply
by the angle formed by weights vector for request and
weights vector for document found
Search Strategy material developed by:
Irena Bond, Library Manager
Associate Professor of Library and Learning Resources
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
This is the end of Module 1.2
There is a Work Book to accompany this part of
the module. The workbook will take you through
a live session covering the topics included in this
demonstration with working examples.
Updated 2013 12