LoCal: Rethinking the Energy Infrastructure using Internet Design Principles David Culler University of California, Berkeley Renewable Energy Microgrid Research Workshop June 5, 2009 “Energy permits things to.
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LoCal: Rethinking the Energy Infrastructure using Internet Design Principles David Culler University of California, Berkeley Renewable Energy Microgrid Research Workshop June 5, 2009 “Energy permits things to exist; information, to behave purposefully.” W. Ware, 1997 What if the Energy Infrastructure were Designed like the Internet? • Energy: the limited resource of the 21st Century • Needed: Information Age approach to the Machine Age infrastructure • Match load & supply through continuous observation and adjustment • Lower cost, more incremental deployment, able to accommodate technology innovation • Enhanced reliability and resilience through intelligence at the edges – Dumb grid, smart loads and supplies • Packetized Energy: discrete units of energy locally generated, stored, and forwarded to where it is needed; enabling a market for energy exchange 2 Towards an Information Age Energy Infrastructure Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers Generation Transmission Nearly Oblivious Loads Distribution Demand Non-Dispatchable Sources Interactive Dispatchable Loads ??? 3 Energy Network Architecture • Information exchanged whenever energy is transferred • Loads are “Aware” and sculptable – Forecast demand, adjust according to availability / price, self-moderate • Supplies negotiate with loads • Storage, local generation, demand response are intrinsic 4 Information Overlay to the Energy Grid Intelligent Energy Network Source IPS energy subnet Load IPS Intelligent Power Switch Generation Transmission Distribution Load Conventional Electric Grid Conventional Internet 5 Intelligent Power Switch Host Load Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) Power Generation Host Load Energy Storage Energy Storage energy flows PowerComm Interface Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) Energy Storage Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) Energy Network information flows Intelligent Power Switch (IPS) Energy Storage Energy Storage • PowerComm Interface: Network + Power connector • Scale Down, Scale Out 6 Intelligent Power Switch • Interconnects load to power sharing infrastructure • Bundles communications with energy interconnection -- PowerComm interface • Enables intelligent energy exchange • Optionally incorporates energy generation and buffering – Potential to scale-down to individual loads, e.g., light bulb, refrigerator – Scale-up to neighborhoods, regions, etc. • Overlay on the existing power grid 7 MultiScale Approach Price profile w Load profile w $ IPS CT now now IPS comm Internet Bldg IPS Energy Network power IPS Grid AHU IPS Actual load IPS Data center IPS IPS Chill w Power proportional kernel IPS M/R Energy Net IPS now Power proportional service manager QualityAdaptive Service 8 Start with IT Equipment 9 Datacenters 10 Server Power Consumption Server Power Consumption 350 48 Active 87 300 Soda Machine Room Power Consumption Idle Watts 250 15 180 13 200 13 14 160 19 287 150 230 140 31 120 10 248 190 100 190 200 161 10.1 17 9.5 KW 50 HP Integrity rx2600 Compaq DL360 SunFire X2200 SunFire x2100 Cyber Switching SunFire V60x Dell PowerEdge 1950 PowerEdge 1850 530 Soda 420A Soda 80 0 290 Soda 288 Soda 100 50.9 50 340 Soda 287 Soda 44.5 60 40 18.1 20 26.5 18.9 19 30.6 31 0 • x 1/PDU efficiency + ACC • If Pidle = 0 we’d save ~125 kw x 24 hours x 365 … • … Do Nothing Well 3-19-2004 est kW min est kW max kW meas 11 Understanding Diverse Load 12 ACme – HiFi Metering 13 Energy Consumption Breakdown 14 Re-aggregation 15 By Individual 16 Energy Aware / Adapt • • • • • • Export existing facilities instrumentation into real-time feed and archival physical information base Augment with extensive usage-focused sensing Create highly visible consumer feedback and remediation guidance Develop whole-building dynamic models Basis for forecasting And for load sculpting 17 Scaling Energy Cooperation Local Storage IPS IPS Energy Interconnect IPS Local Generation IPS IPS IPS Local Load Energy Interconnect Communications Interconnect • Hierarchical aggregates of loads and IPSs 18 • Overlay on existing Energy Grid Enabling Energy Markets • Information-enabled markets – Bilateral exchange multi-lateral exchange general markets • Aggregated load and supply models, parameterized by time and increasing uncertainty – Machine learning techniques • More degrees of freedom: – (Over) loads can be reduced – (Over) supplies can be stored • Match supply to load – Optimization algorithms vs. auction mechanisms 19 Initial Steps 20 “Doing Nothing Well” • Existing systems sized for peak and designed for continuous activity – Reclaim the idle waste – Exploit huge gap in peak-to-average power consumption • Continuous demand response – Challenge “always on” assumption – Realize potential of energy-proportionality • From IT Equipment … – Better fine-grained idling, faster power shutdown/restoration – Pervasive support in operating systems and applications • … to the OS for the Building • … to the Grid 21 Cooperative Continuous Reduction User Demand Facility Mgmt High-fidelity visibility Automated Control Supervisory Control Community Feedback 3-19-2004 22 Questions 23